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1、完成式,虚拟语气与过去事实相反 If 条件句 主句 had done would should could might,have done,含蓄条件句1 用without 或 but for引出 Without your help,I would have failed.But for the storm,we should have arrived.2 省去 if,把 were 或 had 或 should提前到句首的倒装 Were I a student again,I would study harder.Should he come tomorrow,I would tell him
2、about it.,3 利用上下文或其它方式（整个从句不写出）I was busy;otherwise,I would have joined you.If only he had not left!That would be fine.(if you should do it.),情态动词与完成式cant/couldnt have done 不可能做过 must have done 肯定已做过may/might have done 或许做过 might have done 本来可能，但实际上没有做should/ought to have done 本来应该做却没做could have don
3、e 可能做过；本来可以做却没做neednt have done 本来没必要做却已做shouldnt/oughtnt have done 本来不应该做却已做would rather have done当时宁愿做了某事（表后悔）,My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon,so he _ your lecture.couldnt have attended B.neednt have attendedC.mustnt have attended D.shouldnt have attended2.Look at Judys
4、red eyes.She _.A.would be crying B.might cryC.must cry D.must have cried3.Thank you for your birthday gift.In fact,you _ so much money on it.A.must spend B.need to spendC.could spend D.neednt have spent,4.-Did you stay at home last night?-Yes,but I _ dancing.A.would rather gone B.would goC.would rat
5、her have gone D.would gone,The perfect infinitive-to have done-the action of the perfect infinitive is an earlier action.It happens before the time of the main verb.I am sorry to have kept you waiting.I am glad to have paid a visit to him last week.,不定式的完成式与happen,appear,seem,pretend,1.He seems to h
6、ave been a teacher.-It seems that he was a teacher.Cf.He seems to be a teacher.(It seems that he is a teacher.)2.He pretended to have read the book.-He pretended that he had read the book.3.I happened to have driven that kind of car before.-It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.,with
7、 the following verbs in the passive voicebelieve,consider,find,know,report,say,suppose,think You are supposed to have finished your homework.She is known to have received two Nobel prizes.,meant,hoped,desired,expected,planned,promised,wished,wanted to have done sth.,but I hoped to have seen you off
8、yesterday,but I didnt have time.cf.I had meant to help you,but I was too busy at the moment.I had intended to see you off,but I had a very important meeting to attend.表示愿望，打算一类的词，如：hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose 等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。,Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down.No s
9、ooner had I got home than the rain poured down.我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。,This is the first time that I have come here.It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.,If you had taken my advice,you would not have failed in the exams.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love
10、at the age of seven,with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.A.wouldnt have fallenB.had not fallenC.should fallD.were to fall,Present Perfect Continuous Tense has/have been doing-used to talk about an ongoing state or action which began in the past and is still continuing or has just finisheddifference betweenthe present perfect-focuses on the fact that an action is completed and the present perfect continuous-focuses on the fact that it is still ongoing,Ive learned how to play chess.(I can play chess now.)Ive been learning how to play chess.(Im still learning.),
