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1、新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,李润生高效雅思阅读7分法则,点对点题型,标题配对题（list of headings)包含题(Contains)which paragraph contains the following information?（最难题型之一）段落总结（带选项的summary)(最难题型之一）选择题（multiple choice)长短句配对,点对面的题型,填空题（sentence completion,table,short answer,summary,flow chart)判断题（TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN)配对题中的人名，地名配对。,新浪微博：李威廉IELT
2、S,李润生老师的微博,请需要PPT 的烤鸭最新雅思8分范文的同学：请加新浪微博：李威廉IELTS由李老师亲自修改十篇作文，必能提高一分！微信：DianfengyasiQQ群:”322968658”本人是网络小说中国未来watch 90后作者所有烤鸭均可报名参加免费一篇批改作文活动，可发微博私信，先到先得。,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,PLAYISASERIOUSBUSINESS？,Does play help develop bigger,better brains?Bryant Furlow investigatesA.Playing is a
3、serious business.Children engrossed in a make-believe world,fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teaming a ball of string arent just having fun.Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along,but theres much more to it than that.For a start
4、,play can even cost animals their lives.Eighty percent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to sport predators approaching.It is also extremely expensive in terms of energy.Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of energy cavorting,and in children that f
5、igure can be closer to fifteen per cent.Even two or three per cent is huge,says John Byers of Idaho University.You just dont find animals wasting energy like that,he adds.There must be a reason.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,B.But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup,as biologists once thought,why did it ev
6、olve?The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big brains.In other words,playing makes you intelligent.Playfulness,it seems,is common only among mammals,although a few of the larger-brained birds also indulge.Animals at play often use unique signs tail-wagging in dogs,for example to in
7、dicate that activity superficially resembling adult behavior is not really in earnest.In popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt,mate and socialise as adults.Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by
8、 improving their respiratory endurance.Both these ideas have been questioned in recent years.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,C.Take the exercise theory.If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training,then you would expect to see permanent benefits.But Byers points out that the benefits of increase
9、d exercise disappear rapidly after training stops,so many improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood.If the function of play was to get into shape,says Byers,the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular
10、 species to do so.But it doesnt work like that.Across species,play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then decline.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,D.Then theres the skills-training hypothesis.At first glance,playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in a
11、dulthood.But a closer inspection reveals this interpretation as too simplistic.In one study,behavioural ecologist Tim Caro,from the University of California,looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached adulthood.He found that the way the cats played had no
12、significant effect on their hunting prowess in later life.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,E.Earlier this year,Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University,Canada,reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in general.Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammals,he
13、 and his team found large brains(for a given body size)are linked to greater playfulness.The converse was also found to be true.Robert Barton of Durham University believes that,because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains,they require more play to help mould t
14、hem for adulthood.I concluded its to do with learning,and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,he says.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,F.According to Byers,the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to whats going on.If you plot the amount of time
15、 juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development,you discover a pattern typically associated with a sensitive period a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life.Think of the relative ease with
16、which young children but not infants or adults absorb language.Other researchers have found that play in cats,rats and mice is at its most intense just as this window of opportunity”reaches its peak.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,G.People have not paid enough attention to the amount of the brain activated by plays,
17、says Marc Bekoff from Colorado University.Bekoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of adults.Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain,he reasons.Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidos
18、cope,with animals at play jumping rapidly between activities.They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts predation,aggression,reproduction,he says.Their developing brain is getting all sorts of stimulation.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,H.Not only is more of the brain involved in play that was suspected,but
19、 it also seems to activate higher cognitive processes.Theres enormous cognitive involvement in play,says Bekoff.He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates,ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and rules.He believes that play creates a brain that has gre
20、ater behavioural flexibility and improved potential for learning later in life.The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg College.Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brains levels of particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve cells.He was s
21、urprised by the extent of the activation.Play just lights everything up,he says.By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other,play may enhance creativity.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,I.What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in ma
22、ny societies today?We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their peers.With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated,play is likely to get even les
23、s of a look-in.Who knows what the result of that will be?,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,李润生老师的微博,请需要PPT 的烤
24、鸭最新雅思8分范文的同学：请加新浪微博：李威廉IELTS由李老师亲自修改十篇作文，必能提高一分！微信：DianfengyasiQQ群:”322968658”本人是网络小说中国未来watch 90后作者所有烤鸭均可报名参加免费一篇批改作文活动，可发微博私信，先到先得。,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,李润生议论文快速思维论据 如何快速形成具有逻辑，易于展开，并且符合西方思维 价值观的理性论点和论据是作文成功的前提！快速让烤鸭打开思维的大门是李老师的使命！,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,教育类话题思维论据,1，为什么要上大学？去国外留学？学历史？学艺术？去图书馆？为什么要上中学？为什么要穿校服？成功的定
25、义是什么？你对job satisfaction 的看法？,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,2 条基本理念贯穿始终,NO,1The purpose of education is for the cultivation of survival techniques and improvement of thinking abilities.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,2 条基本理念贯穿始终,2,我们中国人的观点通常是以结果为导向的（result-orientated),而我们在回答雅思的题目的时候是尽量追求以过程为导向生活以及工作态度，更符合西方的价值观（process-orientated)。,
26、新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,Advertising discourages people from being different individuals by making us all want to do the same and look the same.Do you agree or disagree?,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,部分同意，广告的确在某一个时期所烘托的某种价值观和某种具有引领性审美之后，的确让绝大部分人云亦云的人产生类似的认识，就是购买和使用某种产品，但是导致人和人想法一致的绝不是广告，更多是主流媒体，以及现在普遍缺乏批判性思维的人群。,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS
27、,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,雅思阅读答题能力提高不可回避的三步曲,语言能力的提高：同义词，上下义词（尤其是抽象名词的上下义）以及理解复杂句型的语法能力,雅思题型以及题目的出题思路,全文快速阅读能力（思维能力和语法能力）,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,什么叫做“点对面”？,There was a piece of land apple orchard.-worm insect spread out in one harvest season-the local farmer employed a genre of pesticide-fortunately the worms died once
28、 the antidotes used-unfortunately,the tress died too at the end.,点对点题型,The mechanism of the defense has backfired,点对面的题型,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,细节名词的展开(一）,1，a range of sports 2,a couple of animals/mammals/reptiles 3,developments in vehicles in Nanjing 1960s-small handcart 1970s-donkey 1980s-bicycles 1990sbus
29、es 2000s car or taxi 2010ssubways,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,细节名词的展开（二）,4，Improvements in the rail network5,Effects of initial MIRTP measures 6,Possible explanations for a phenomenon for people with synesthesia,a condition in which the senses get mixed up,the number five may be red.One explanation for is;another
30、 explanation is that.In fact,we have 7,Military impact 8,Biology explanation9,a successful exercise in people power,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,具体名词的展开,10，varieties of play can be matched to different stages of evolutionary history.11,A wide range of activities are combined during play.12,the classes of animals f
31、or which play is important13,a description of the physical hazards that can accompany play,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,抽象名词的展开(一）,1，original expectations of AI may not have been justified.1980s-there was an optimism in the early 1980s then we realized there were hard problems,there was a retrenchment-but the late
32、 1980s,the term AI was being avoided by many researchers,who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks,agent technology,case-based reasoning and so on.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,抽象名词的展开(二）,2，a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed du
33、ring play Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected,but it also seems to activate higher cognitive processes.There was enormous cognitive involvement in play-he points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates,ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and rules.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,
