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1、新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,李润生高效雅思阅读7分法则,点对点题型,标题配对题（list of headings)包含题(Contains)which paragraph contains the following information?（最难题型之一）段落总结（带选项的summary)(最难题型之一）选择题（multiple choice)长短句配对,点对面的题型,填空题（sentence completion,table,short answer,summary,flow chart)判断题（TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN)配对题中的人名，地名配对。,新浪微博：李威廉IELT
2、S,李润生老师的微博,请需要PPT 的烤鸭最新雅思8分范文的同学：请加新浪微博：李威廉IELTS由李老师亲自修改十篇作文，必能提高一分！微信：DianfengyasiQQ群:”322968658”本人是网络小说中国未来watch 90后作者所有烤鸭均可报名参加免费一篇批改作文活动，可发微博私信，先到先得。,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,AUSTRALIAS SPORTING SUCCESS,A They play hard,they play often,and they play to win.Australian sports teams win
3、 more than their fair share of titles,demolishing rivals with seeming ease.How do they do it?A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine.At the Australian Institute of Sport(AIS),hundreds of youngsters and pros live and tra
4、in under the eyes of coaches.Another body,the Australian Sports Commission(ASC),finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women.Both provide intensive coaching,training facilities and nutritional advice.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,B Inside the academies,science take
5、s centre stage.The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors,and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres.AIS scientists work across a number of sports,applying skills learned in one-such as building muscle strength in golfers-to others,such as swimming a
6、nd squash.They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes.They all focus on one aim:winning.We cant waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that dont help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,says Peter Fricker,chief of science
7、 at AIS.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,C A lot of their work comes down to measurement-everything from the exact angle of a swimmers dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist.This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes.The focus is on individuals,tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hu
8、ndredth of a second here,an extra millimetre there.No gain is too slight to bother with.Its the tiny,gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results.To demonstrate how the system works,Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers.A wire-frame model
9、 of a champion swimmer slices through the water,her arms moving in slow motion.Looking side-on,Mason measures the distance between strokes.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,From above,he analyses how her spine swivels.When fully developed,this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use
10、to help budding swimmers.Masons contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN(SWimming ANalysis)system now used in Australian national competitions.It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmers performance into factors
11、 that can be analysed individually-stroke length,stroke frequency,average duration of each stroke,velocity,start,lap and finish times,and so on.At the end of each race,SWAN spits out data on each swimmer,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,D Take a look,says Mason,pulling out a sheet of data.He points out the data on the
12、 swimmers in second and third place,which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster.So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down?His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,says Mason.If he can improve on his turns,he can do much better This is the kind
13、 of accuracy that AIS scientists research is bringing to a range of sports.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne,they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athletes clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate,sweating,heat p
14、roduction or any other factor that might have an impact on an athletes ability to run.Theres more to it than simply measuring performance.Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year.After years of experimentation,AlS and the University of Newcast
15、le in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes saliva.If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level,training is eased or dropped altogether.Soon,IgA levels start rising again,and the danger passes.Since the tests
16、 were introduced,AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,E Using data is a complex business.Well before a championship,sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a competition model,based on what they expect will be t
17、he winning times.You design the model to make that time,says Mason.A start of this much,each free-swimming period has to be this fast,with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length,with turns done in these times.All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets,both ove
18、rall and for each segment of the race.Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the worlds most successful sporting nation.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,F Of course,theres nothing to stop other countries copying-and many have tried.Some years ago,the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endu
19、rance athletes.At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996,these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists and rowers times.Now everyone uses them.The same has happened to the altitude tent,developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level.But Australias success story is about mo
20、re than easily copied technological fixes,and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs,A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter,A-F,in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.NB You m
21、ay use any letter more than once.1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced5 how obstacles to optimum achieveme
22、nt can be investigated6 an overview of the funded support of athletes7 how performance requirements are calculated before an event,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,PLAYISASERIOUSBUSINESS？,Does play help develop bigger,better brains?Bryant Furlow investigatesA.Playing is a serious business.Children engrossed in a make-
23、believe world,fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teaming a ball of string arent just having fun.Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along,but theres much more to it than that.For a start,play can even cost animals their lives.Eighty
24、 percent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to sport predators approaching.It is also extremely expensive in terms of energy.Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of energy cavorting,and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per cent.Even t
25、wo or three per cent is huge,says John Byers of Idaho University.You just dont find animals wasting energy like that,he adds.There must be a reason.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,B.But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup,as biologists once thought,why did it evolve?The latest idea suggests that play has ev
26、olved to build big brains.In other words,playing makes you intelligent.Playfulness,it seems,is common only among mammals,although a few of the larger-brained birds also indulge.Animals at play often use unique signs tail-wagging in dogs,for example to indicate that activity superficially resembling
27、adult behavior is not really in earnest.In popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt,mate and socialise as adults.Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory endurance.Both th
28、ese ideas have been questioned in recent years.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,C.Take the exercise theory.If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training,then you would expect to see permanent benefits.But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training st
29、ops,so many improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood.If the function of play was to get into shape,says Byers,the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do so.But it doesnt work like that
30、.Across species,play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then decline.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,D.Then theres the skills-training hypothesis.At first glance,playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in adulthood.But a closer inspection reveals this
31、interpretation as too simplistic.In one study,behavioural ecologist Tim Caro,from the University of California,looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached adulthood.He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in
32、 later life.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,E.Earlier this year,Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University,Canada,reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in general.Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammals,he and his team found large brains(for a given b
33、ody size)are linked to greater playfulness.The converse was also found to be true.Robert Barton of Durham University believes that,because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains,they require more play to help mould them for adulthood.I concluded its to do with l
34、earning,and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,he says.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,F.According to Byers,the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to whats going on.If you plot the amount of time juvenile devotes to play each day over the co
35、urse of its development,you discover a pattern typically associated with a sensitive period a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life.Think of the relative ease with which young children but not infants or adults
36、 absorb language.Other researchers have found that play in cats,rats and mice is at its most intense just as this window of opportunity”reaches its peak.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,G.People have not paid enough attention to the amount of the brain activated by plays,says Marc Bekoff from Colorado University.Beko
37、ff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of adults.Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain,he reasons.Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope,with animals at play jumping rapidly betw
38、een activities.They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts predation,aggression,reproduction,he says.Their developing brain is getting all sorts of stimulation.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,H.Not only is more of the brain involved in play that was suspected,but it also seems to activate higher cognitive pr
39、ocesses.Theres enormous cognitive involvement in play,says Bekoff.He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates,ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and rules.He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioural flexibility and improved pote
40、ntial for learning later in life.The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg College.Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brains levels of particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve cells.He was surprised by the extent of the activation.Play
41、just lights everything up,he says.By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other,play may enhance creativity.,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,I.What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in many societies today?We already know that rat pu
42、ps denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their peers.With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated,play is likely to get even less of a look-in.Who knows what the result of th
43、at will be?,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,李润生老师的微博,请需要PPT 的烤鸭最新雅思8分范文的同学：请加新浪微博：李威廉IELTS由李老师亲自修改十篇作文，必能提高一分！微信：DianfengyasiQQ群:”322968658”本人是网络小说中国未
44、来watch 90后作者所有烤鸭均可报名参加免费一篇批改作文活动，可发微博私信，先到先得。,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,雅思阅读答题能力提高不可回避的三步曲,语言能力的提高：同义词，上下义词（尤其是抽象名词的上下义）以及理解复杂句型的语法能力,雅思题型以及题目的出题思路,全文快速阅读能力（思维能力和语法能力）,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,什么叫做“点对面”？,There was a piece of land apple orchard.-worm insect spread out in one harvest season-the l
45、ocal farmer employed a genre of pesticide-fortunately the worms died once the antidotes used-unfortunately,the tress died too at the end.,点对点题型,The mechanism of the defense has backfired,点对面的题型,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,细节名词的展开(一）,1，a range of sports 2,a couple of animals/mammals/reptiles 3,developments in vehi
46、cles in Nanjing 1960s-small handcart 1970s-donkey 1980s-bicycles 1990sbuses 2000s car or taxi 2010ssubways,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,细节名词的展开（二）,4，Improvements in the rail network5,Effects of initial MIRTP measures 6,Possible explanations for a phenomenon for people with synesthesia,a condition in which the sens
47、es get mixed up,the number five may be red.One explanation for is;another explanation is that.In fact,we have 7,Military impact 8,Biology explanation9,a successful exercise in people power,新浪微博：李威廉IELTS,抽象名词的展开(一）,1，original expectations of AI may not have been justified.1980s-there was an optimism
48、in the early 1980s then we realized there were hard problems,there was a retrenchment-but the late 1980s,the term AI was being avoided by many researchers,who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks,agent technology,case-based reasoning and so on.,新浪微博
49、：李威廉IELTS,抽象名词的展开(二）,2，a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected,but it also seems to activate higher cognitive processes.There was enormous cognitive involvement in play-he points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates,ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and rules.,
