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1、加拿大木业协会设计师培训班第一阶段 轻型木结构Canada Wood Level 1-Wood-Frame Construction,墙体和屋盖Wall and Roof FramingHerbert Otto,B.Arch.,MRAIC,平台式建造法 Platform Framing,屋顶桁架Roof trusses,38 x 89 or 38 x 140mm 墙骨柱38 x 89 or 38 x 140mm(2x4 or 2x6)stud walls,楼盖覆面板Floor sheathing,楼盖搁栅Floor joists,基础Foundation,平台式轻型木结构 Platform F
2、raming,图片由加拿大木材理事会提供 Diagram Courtesy Canadian Wood Council,承重内隔墙Load Bearing interior wall楼盖覆面板 Floor sheathing组合梁 Built up beam地梁板锚固螺栓 Sill plate anchor bolt地梁板 Sill plate封边搁栅 Rim Joist底梁板 Bottom wall plate墙体覆面板 Wall sheathing,桁架或椽条Truss or rafter屋顶覆面板Roof sheathing剪刀撑Cross bridging顶梁板 Top plate墙骨
3、柱 Stud钉板条 Strapping搁栅 Joist,墙体 Wall Framing,墙体设计 Wall Design,墙体 Wall Framing,双层顶梁板Double top plate,门洞过梁Door header or lintel,封头墙骨柱Trimmer,主要墙骨柱King stud,短撑Cripple,墙骨柱Common stud,窗口过梁Window header or lintel,底梁板Bottom plates,窗洞口Window rough opening,底梁Sill,短撑Cripple,墙体 Wall Framing,墙骨柱、板、短撑和过梁用钉和楼板连接，然
4、后安装对角支撑或覆面板 Stud,plates,cripples and lintels are laid out on the floor,nailed together,then cross braced or sheathed.,墙体 Wall Framing,门窗洞口过梁通常使用2x4规格材，中间使用2x6规格材 Window or door header framing,conventional 38 x 89mm(2x4)and insulated 38 x 140 mm(2x6).用于过梁的规格材尺寸由荷载和跨度决定 Size of dimension lumber used i
5、n header determined by load and span,墙体 Wall Framing,提起墙体并连接在一起，需要使用临时支撑 Walls tilted up and tied together and temporarily braced as required.,墙体 Wall Framing,转角处的顶梁板要搭接 Corner framing with lapped top plates.转角处填充保温棉时，要在内测放置第三根墙骨柱支撑内装修层 Third inside stud provides support for interior finish while al
6、lowing corner to be insulated,Third stud,墙体 Wall Framing,内外隔墙的连接 Interior partition wall/exterior wall connection.2x6规格材做垫板方便墙体赶作业施工以及连接后面的填充材布置 38 x 140mm(2x6)backer for supporting drywall and allowing insulation behind connection.,垫板 Backer,墙体 Wall Framing,覆面板横放在楼面上，然后开始安装 Panel type sheathing app
7、lied to framing when it is still horizontal on the floor deck.覆面板类型 Range of sheathings定向刨花板 OSB胶合板 Plywood防火板 Fibreboard石膏板 Gypsum 保温填充覆面板 Insulated sheathing,竖向和水平布置的覆面板,墙体 Wall Framing,内隔墙和保温天花板的连接。顶梁板之间布置带状聚乙烯作为隔气层 Interior partition wall connection with insulated ceiling.When polyethylene air/v
8、apour barrier is used strip placed between top plates,天花板搁栅,顶梁板,墙骨柱,带状聚乙烯作为隔气层（也可以布置在顶梁板之间，楼板之间不要求布置）,2x6规格材，用于钉连接,墙体 Wall Framing,当搁栅和外墙平行时，需要设置垫板来支撑内装修层 Where joists are parallel to exterior wall back framing required to provide support for interior finish,墙骨柱,底梁板,下部楼面板,楼盖搁栅,用于内装修的钉连接,端部搁栅,板,墙体设计
9、Wall Framing Design,内墙和外墙结构功能和荷载分布不同，所以应分开设计。Interior and exterior walls should be designed separately since they have different functions and loads are distributed differently 墙骨柱最小尺寸和间距的规定（设计表中还包括其他的长度、树种和荷载分配）Rules of thumb for minimum stud sizes and spacing(design tables for other lengths,specie
10、s,and load configurations)外墙高度建到3m Exterior Walls up to 3 m tall仅支承屋盖-38 x 89 600 mm o.c Supporting roof only 38 x 89 600 mm o.c.支承屋盖和1层楼盖 38 x 89 400 mm o.c.Supporting roof and 1 floor 38 x 89 400 mm o.c.支承屋盖和2层楼盖 38 x 140 400 mm o.c.Supporting roof and 2 floors 38 x 140 400 mm o.c.,墙体设计 Wall Frami
11、ng Design,内墙高度建到3m Interior Walls up to 3m tall非承重 Non load bearing38 x 89 600 mm o.c.（推荐400mm）38 x 89 600 mm o.c.(however 400 mm recommended)承重Load bearing支承屋盖和1层楼盖 38 x 89 400 mm o.c.Supporting 1 floor 38 x 89 400 mm o.c.支承屋盖和2层楼盖 38 x 89 300 mm o.c.Supporting 2 floors 38 x 89 300 mm o.c.支承屋盖和3层楼盖
12、 38 x 140 400 mm o.c.Supporting 3 floors 38 x 140 400 mm o.c.,墙体设计 Wall Framing Design,过梁 Lintels,墙体设计-外墙过梁Wall Framing Design Exterior Lintel,墙体设计-内隔墙Wall Framing Design Interior Partition,墙体设计 Wall Framing Design,有覆面板的墙体可以抵抗侧向力，例如地震作用和风荷载 Walls with panel sheathing also resist lateral forces such
13、as earthquake and wind覆面板可以用定向刨花板或胶合板，根据墙骨柱的间距，板厚可以从9.5 mm 到15.5 mm Panel material can be plywood or OSB sheathing 9.5 mm to 15.5 mm thick depending on stud spacing厚度12.5 mm 和15.8 mm 的石膏板也能使用 Gypsum board can also be used in 12.5 mm and 15.8 mm thickness符合上海轻型木结构技术规程中构造设计法中墙体最小长度的要求 For prescriptive
14、 design,minimum length of braced wall lines in accordance with 4.2.2 of Shanghai Technical Code for Lightweight Wood Frame Construction must be adhered to,改进的结构Advanced Framing,平台式建造法可以有效的利用木材：Platform framing can be optimized to use wood more efficiently benefits include:结构使用更少的木材 Less framing lumb
15、er used更少的人工 Less labour required当木材采用保温材时，热交换更低 Lower heat transfer as wood replaced by insulation,改进结构的特点Features of Advanced Framing,墙骨柱，通常为2x6，中心间距600mm Studs,typically 38 x 140mm(2x6)spaced at 600mm(24”)荷载顺次传递，不需要两层顶梁板 Loads lined up one above another eliminating the need for double top plates两
16、个墙骨柱转角 Two stud corners门窗洞口处过梁可以穿过墙骨柱，不需要短撑 Window and door headers let into studs eliminating cripples,屋顶 Roof Framing,大部分采用工厂预制的木桁架 Majority of wood frame buildings use factory built trusses.通常用2x4规格材制作腹杆和弦杆，节点压制金属连接件 Typically 38 x 89mm(2x4)webs and cords and pressed metal connectors,屋顶 Roof Fram
17、ing,桁架的偏差 Truss variations 抬高根部以便外墙全都可以做到保温隔热层 Raised heel to allow full depth insulation to exterior wall采用剪刀撑的倾斜天花板 Scissors allows sloped ceiling,屋顶 Roof Framing,现场手工施工 Hand framed roof construction 现场切割规格材制作椽条和搁栅 Dimension lumber cut on site to make rafters and joists.,屋顶 Roof Framing,木制工字型梁 Woo
18、d I beams大跨度 Allow for long spans桁架的深度和预留孔洞可以在较高的天花板中安装保温填充材料，其范围为RSI 7到RSI 10.6(R40 到 R60,K 0.14到K 0.095)Depth and pre-punched holes allow for high levels of insulation in a cathedral ceiling in the range of RSI 7 to RSI 10.6(R40 to R60,K 0.14 to K 0.095),屋顶 Roof Framing,平行弦桁架空心腹板 Open web parallel
19、 cord trusses大跨度 Allow for long spans桁架的深度可以在较高的天花板中安装保温填充材料 Depth allows for high levels of insulation in a cathedral ceiling,屋顶覆面 Roof Sheathing,胶合木 Plywood 根据跨度和有无填块，使用H扣件或企口板，厚度可以从7.5mm到12.5mm Ranging in thickness from 7.5 mm to 12.5mm(5/16”to”)depending on span and use of blocking,H clips or to
20、ngue and groove.表面的木纹方向与支撑垂直 Face grain runs perpendicular to the supports.定向刨花板 OSB 根据跨度和有无填块和是否使用H扣件，厚度可以从9.5mm到12.7mmRanging in thickness from 9.5mm to 12.7mm(3/8”to”)depending on span,blocking and used of H clips跳跃式覆面板 Skip sheathing19mm x 89mm(1x4)19mm x 140mm(1x6)间隔用钉固定在椽条上 Nailed to rafters w
21、ith spacing.屋盖底部设有天沟，板之间没有间距，无法承受水和冰荷载 At base of roof by gutter no spacing between boards to provide support for water and ice shield.,(Courtesy Canadian Wood Council),木屋盖设计 Wood Roof Design,木屋盖设计 Wood Roof Design,木屋盖设计 Wood Roof Design,木屋盖设计 Wood Roof Design,木屋盖设计-梁柱混合型Wood Roof Design Post and Beam Hybrid,完工作品 The Final Product,
