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1、语法专题六动词的时态和语态,-2-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,考点一一般现在时1.表示习惯性、经常性、现在反复出现的动作或状态。He goes to school every day.他每天去上学。(经常性动作)He is very happy.他很高兴。(现在的状态)2.表示永恒的状态或真理。(2012课标全国)“Life is like walking in the snow,”Granny used to say,“because every step shows.”祖母过去常说:“人生就像在雪中行走,因
2、为每一步都会留下痕迹。”The moon moves around the earth.月亮绕着地球转。,-3-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,3.在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,如果主句中的动词用一般将来时,从句中的动词通常用一般现在时,而不用将来时。(2014湖南)Whenever you buy a present,you should think about it from the receivers point of view.无论何时,你买礼物的话,都应该从接受者的角度来考虑它。(2014大纲全国)Unl
3、ess some extra money is found,the theatre will close.除非能再弄到些钱,否则剧院将关闭。,-4-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,4.时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。(2013北京)So what is the procedure?All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.那程序是怎么
4、安排的呢?在职权部门做最后的决定之前所有的申请人都要参加面试。The train leaves at 8 oclock.火车将于8点钟发车。,-5-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,考点二一般将来时1.will表示将来的动作或状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。(2015安徽)It is reported that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come.据报道在以后的几年里月球上要建一个空间站。Fish will die without w
5、ater.鱼离开水就会死掉。,-6-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,2.be going to(1)表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事。We are going to have a meeting today.今天我们要开个会。(2)表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事。It is going to rain.天要下雨了。,-7-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,3.be to(1)表示预先安排好的计划或约定。Are we to go
6、on with this work?我们要继续这项工作吗?(2)表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令等。We are to take care of the children.我们应该照顾好孩子们。(3)表示注定要发生的事情。Her plan is to be a failure.她的计划注定要失败。,-8-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,4.be about to表示即将发生的动作,不与具体的时间状语连用,可与when引导的时间状语从句连用。The plane is about to leave.飞机即将起飞
7、。5.will与be going to的区别will多表示说话时才做出的决定,或临时决定做某事。be going to表示事先经过考虑或做好安排将要做某事。(2014北京)What time is it?I have no idea.But just a minute,I will check it for you.现在几点了?我不知道。但是稍等一会儿,我帮你确认一下。,-9-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,考点三一般过去时过去时间内发生的动作,或者过去反复发生的动作。(2015湖南)I wasnt able to
8、 hide my eagerness when I asked,“What do you wish me to do now?”当我问“你希望我现在干什么?”时,我无法隐藏我的渴望。(2014福建)Havent seen you for ages!Where have you been?I went to Ningxia and stayed there for one year,teaching as a volunteer.很长时间没有见你了!你去哪了?我去宁夏待了一年,作为一个志愿者在那里教学。,-10-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考
9、点十一,考点十二,考点十三,(2014郑州第一次质量预测)Have you read any novels written by the famous writer Mo Yan?Yes,of course.I read several of his works when I was studying abroad.你读过著名作家莫言写的小说吗?当然读过。我在国外读书的时候就读了他的好几部作品。,-11-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,考点四现在进行时1.表示此时此刻正在进行的动作,由“be+现在分词”构成。(20
10、14北京)Hi,lets go skating.Sorry,Im busy right now.I am filling in an application form for a new job.嗨!我们去滑冰吧!很抱歉,我现在很忙。我正在填申请新工作的表格。2.go,come,leave,arrive,return,stop,start,begin,meet等动词的现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow.明天我要到北京去。,-12-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点
11、十二,考点十三,3.与always,constantly,forever,continually,all the time 等连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有不满、抱怨或者赞赏等感情色彩。He is always helping others.他总是帮助别人。4.进行时有时可表示渐变过程。His health is improving every day.他的健康状况每天都有好转。,-13-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,5.下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。(1)表示心理状态、情感的动词:like,
12、love,hate,care,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need等。(2)表示存在的状态的动词:appear,exist,lie,remain,seem等。(3)表示短暂性、一次性动作的动词:allow,accept,remember,permit,promise,admit,complete等。(4)感官动词:see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等。,-14-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,考点五现在完成时现在完成时由“h
13、ave/has+过去分词”构成。其使用通常有两种情况:1.所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响,句中没有具体的时间状语。(2013山东)Oh no!Were too late.The train has left.Thats OK.Well catch the next train to London.哦!不!我们太晚了。火车早开走了。没关系。我们将乘坐下一列通往伦敦的火车。2.现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常与for.和 since.等表示一段时间的状语或 so far等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用。,-15-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点
14、五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,(2015北京)In the last few years,China has made great achievements in environmental protection.在过去的几年中,中国在环境保护方面取得了重大成就。(2014北京海淀期末练习)Have you heard of the accident on this road last night?Yes.And there have been three accidents here so far this year.昨天晚上这条公路上发生的事故你
15、听说了吗?听说了。今年到现在为止这里已经发生三起事故了。注意:有些表示短暂性动作的词,如 come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用。,-16-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,3.还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,强调此动作先于主句动作发生。Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.我做完了作业就去你家。Dont get off the bus until it has sto
16、pped.公交车停稳才能下车。,-17-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,考点六过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,或者过去某个阶段正在做的事情。(2014四川)She was phoning someone,so I nodded to her and went away.她当时正在给别人打电话,因此我朝她点了一下头就走开了。In 1980 he was studying in a university.1980年时,他正在一所大学里学习。,-18-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,
17、考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,考点七过去将来时表示从过去就预计要发生的动作或者存在的状态,这种时态常用于宾语从句中,主句常用一般过去时。(2015陕西)At college,Barack Obama didnt know that he was to become the first black president of the United States of America.上大学时,巴拉克奥巴马不知道他将来会成为美国的第一位黑人总统。(2014重庆)James has just arrived,but I didnt know he was coming unti
18、l yesterday.詹姆斯刚到,但直到昨天我才知道他要来。,-19-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,考点八过去完成时1.表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已发生的动作,也可以表示从过去某一时间开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去的另一时间,即“过去的过去”。(2014北京)I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.我发现我听不懂这个讲座,因为我来的时候它已经开始了。2.表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等,常用ha
19、d hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式表示,即:hoped/planned.+to have done。I had hoped to send him a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so.我本来想寄给他一张圣诞卡,但我忘了。,-20-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,考点九现在完成进行时现在完成进行时是由“have/has been+现在分词”构成,用来表示从过去某一时
20、刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去)的动作,它具备“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”等特点。The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.自从上午9点,经理就一直在跟工人们讲如何改进这个项目。It has been raining for 2 days.雨已经下了两天了。(表达说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩),-21-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,考点十几组时态的区别1.一般过去时与现在完成时时间上有差异:凡有明确
21、的过去时间的均用过去时,不能用完成时,如含有ago,last year,just now,the other day。结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系。I came to Beijing last year,and have been here since then.我去年来的北京,自从那时起我一直在这里。,-22-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,2.一般过去时与过去完成时这两个时态都和现在没有关系,都表示过去的
22、动作。但一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去的动作;而过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一特定时间更早发生的动作,发生在“过去的过去”,即过去完成时至少涉及两个过去的动作。When I got to the party,many of them had left for home.当我到达晚会的时候,他们中的多数人已经离开回家了。,-23-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,3.一般过去时与过去进行时尽管二者所表示的动作都发生在过去,但一般过去时着重强调过去的动作,表示已经结束。而过去进行时仅表示过去某一时间点,一个动作正在进行,有
23、什么样的结果不得而知。He wrote three letters last night.他昨晚写了三封信。(表示他写了三封信,暗指都已写完)He was writing a letter at 9:00 last night.昨晚九点,他正在写信。(表示当时他在写信,后来是否写完就未知了),-24-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,4.现在完成时与现在完成进行时(1)现在完成时强调的是动作已完成,着重结果;现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作,这个动作仍在继续,强调动作的持续性。I have painted my
24、new house.我已经给我的新房子上完漆了。(强调已完成)I have been painting my new house.我一直在给我的新房子上漆。(强调动作还在继续)(2)现在完成进行时可以表示动作的反复,现在完成时一般不表示反复性。Have you been meeting our teacher these days?这些天来你一直见到我们老师吗?(强调动作的反复)Have you met our teacher recently?近来你见过我们的老师吗?(强调结果),-25-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考
25、点十三,考点十一固定结构中的时态1.hardly.when.,no sooner.than.句型中,主句中用过去完成时,从句中用一般过去时。Hardly had I opened the door when Tom came in.我刚一开门,汤姆就进来了。2.since,in the last/past+一段时间,so far,recently等常与现在完成时搭配。Great changes have taken place in our country in the last few years.我们国家过去的几年发生了巨大的变化。,-26-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六
26、,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,3.This/That/It is/was the first/second.time+that从句,若主句中为is,则从句时态用现在完成时;若为was,则从句时态用过去完成时。This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.这是我们全家人第一次一起到电影院看电影。4.“by+时间状语”要与完成时搭配使用。You will have learned about 3,000 words by the end of next m
27、onth.到下月底你们将已学习3000个单词。,-27-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,5.It+be.before.“要过才”或“在以后才”。在这个句型中,若be动词用一般过去时,则before 从句中常用一般过去时;若be动词用将来时,则before 从句中常用一般现在时。Im sorry youve been waiting so long,but itll still be some time before Brian gets back.很抱歉让你等了这么久,但布莱恩还要过段时间才能回来。6.was/we
28、re about to do.when.在when引导的从句中,谓语动词用过去式。I was about to leave when he came in.我正要离开这时他进来了。,-28-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,考点十二主动语态表示被动意义1.表示状态特征的系动词,如look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appear等构成的系表结构。The soup smells good but tastes terrible.这汤闻起来香但尝起来不好。2.表示主语某种属性、特征的动词,如
29、read,write,sell,wash,clean,wear,shut。This kind of material washes easily.这种布料容易洗。,-29-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,3.表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,run等。The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.这家商店每天下午六点关门。,-30-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十
30、一,考点十二,考点十三,考点十三动词的被动语态语态说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象,所以只有及物动词和及物动词短语才有被动语态。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。(2013北京)Shakespeares play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years.在过去的这些年里,莎士比亚的戏剧哈姆雷特至少被拍成了十部不同的电影。In some parts of the world,
31、tea is served with milk and sugar.在世界的一些地方,茶被提供的时候会加牛奶和糖。几种特殊形式的被动结构:,-31-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点八,考点九,考点十,考点十一,考点十二,考点十三,1.“be+过去分词+不定式”形式的被动结构He is reported to have broken a world record.据报道他打破了一项世界纪录。2.“It+be+过去分词+从句”形式的被动结构Its said that they have discovered a new star.据说他们发现了一颗新星。3.“get+
32、done”构成的被动结构get married 结婚;get hurt受伤;get lost迷路;get caught/stuck/trapped被困,-32-,.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空1.(2015课标全国改编)It was raining lightly when I arrived(arrive)in Yangshuo just before dawn.2.(2015课标全国改编)This cycle goes(go)day after day.3.(2015湖南改编)He must have sensed that I was looking(look)at him.He su
33、ddenly glanced at me and said quietly,“Why are you staring at me like that?”4.(2015福建改编)Where is Peter?I cant find him anywhere.He went to the library after breakfast and has been writing(write)his essay there ever since.5.(2015天津改编)Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she
34、 will be teaching(teach)a class at that time.,解析,-33-,6.(2015天津改编)Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreement has been reached(reach)so far by the two sides.7.(2015四川改编)More expressways will be built(build)in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.8.(2015安徽江南十校联考改编)About China,the most freq
35、uently used word by people is“exciting”,since the country is changing(change)every day.9.(2015山西四校联考改编)That meant she was surrounded by either teachers who were busy teaching or students who were devoted(devote)to their studies.10.(2015安徽江淮十校联考改编)How long do you suppose it will be(be)before the Afri
36、can can keep Ebola under control?As soon as possible.,解析,-34-,11.(2015重庆巴蜀中学模拟改编)The Small Goose Pagoda in Xian,one of the 22 Silk Road relics located in China,dates(date)back in 707 during the Tang Dynasty.12.(2015湖南衡阳五校联考改编)You seem to be familiar with this city.I lived(live)here for four years.It
37、s great to be back.13.(2015江苏扬州中学质检改编)As long as my drive tester instructed me to pull into the parking lot,I was sure I had passed(pass).14.(2015广州一模改编)While still a beginner,he felt he should be given the freedom to do what he wished on stage and often ignored(ignore)his directors instructions.15.
38、(2015云南部分名校1月统考改编)It is true that the Internet has changed(change)the way we work and communicate.,解析,-35-,16.(2015甘肃部分普通高中联考改编)The new discovery was made(make)by a team consisting of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)last year.17.(2015四川宜宾一诊改编)In the traditional Chinese
39、calendar,each year is given(give)a name of 12 kinds of animal.18.(2014山东改编)Writing out all the invitations by hand was more time-consuming than we had expected(expect).19.(2014山东改编)They made up their mind that they would buy(buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs.20.(2014陕西改编)During his stay in Xia
40、n,Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends had recommended(recommend).,解析,-36-,21.(2014湖南改编)Since the time humankind started gardening,we have been trying(try)to make our environment more beautiful.22.(2014安徽改编)The twins,who had finished(finish)their homework,were allowed to play badminton
41、 on the playground.23.(2014重庆改编)Youd better write down her phone number before you forget(forget)it.24.(2014江西改编)Tony,why are your eyes red?I have been cutting(cut)up peppers for the last five minutes.25.(2014浙江改编)Sofia looked around at all the faces:she had the impression that she had seen(see)most
42、 of the guests before.,解析,-37-,.完成句子1.她现在正在手术室接受手术。She is being operated on in the operating room now.2.我到门口时,他们正在看电视。They were watching TV when I came to the door.3.到上周末为止,我们已经学了100篇短文了。We had learned 100 passages by the end of last weekend.4.明年的这个时候,我们肯定坐在大学的教室里了。By this time next year,we shall/wi
43、ll be sitting in a classroom in university.5.这间办公室禁止吸烟。Smoking is forbidden/banned in this office.,-38-,6.刚才我们给小女孩5分钟时间决定是否做这件事。The little girl was given five minutes to decide whether to do it or not just now.7.如果不制止城市噪音的持续上升,人们20年后甚至在同一张饭桌上都要提高嗓门说话才能听见。If city noises are not kept from increasing,p
44、eople will have to shout to be heard even at the same dinner table in 20 years.8.这工作一定是他昨天做的。This work must have been done by him yesterday.9.要凑齐这套邮票,我还需要一张。I need one more stamp before my collection of this kind is completed.10.这种材料摸起来很柔软。This material feels very soft.,-39-,.阅读下面短文,用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空M
45、y name is Robert Arthur.I work as a pilot for a major commercial airline.I 1.have been working(work)as a pilot for over 30 years.After college I went into the U.S.Air Force,where I 2.served(serve)for ten years.After I left the Air Force,I got a job with a major commercial airline and 3.have been fly
46、ing(fly)commercially ever since.Lately I have been thinking about retirement because pilots have to 4.retire(retire)at the age of 60.,解析,-40-,People have often asked me how I 5.became(become)interested in flying.Like most pilots,my interest in aviation(航空)6.goes(go)back to my childhood,when I 7.watc
47、hed(watch)birds and airplanes fly through the sky.My job has taken me away from my home and my family much of the time.Ive lived in many locations.For the past few years,however,I 8.have been living(live)in Pittsburgh.To be a pilot,I have had to make many sacrifices.But there is nothing else Id rather 9.do(do).For me,flying 10.presents(present)an understanding of how one fits in with the rest of the world.,解析,
