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1、ACEI/ARB在慢性肾脏病中的应用,Company Logo Logo,Chronic kidney disease,CKD,在发达国家中,每年约收治100万慢性肾脏病病人中有25万为新发病人。据美国统计学资料显示,CKD在一般人群中发病率为65-10%。1988-2002年美国终未期肾脏病(ESRD)的发病率由394人百万人口己升至983人百万人口,预计未来10年该数字将以每年41的速度进展。David T.Gilbertson,J Am Soc Nephrol 2005.我国虽无全国性统计学资料,但北京市石景山区的中年人(40岁以上)人群调查显示,CKD发病率已达94,张路霞,左力,徐国
2、宾等,中华肾脏病杂志,2006,Company Logo Logo,Company Logo Logo,高血压&CKD,独立危险因素,Company Logo Logo,蛋白尿&CKD,Company Logo Logo,Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,RAAS,Kidney International(2005),Company Logo Logo,Ang II,促进组织纤维化,Kidney International(2005),Company Logo Logo,ACEI/ARB,抑制Ang II生成及其作用,Company Logo Logo,
3、ACEI/ARB,Company Logo Logo,CKD早期预防作用,BENEDICT研究(2004,n=1024)研究目的:ACEI和CCB单用或合并用药对尿蛋白排泄正常、合并高血压的2型糖尿病患者进展为微量白蛋白尿的预防作用。随机分组:随机分配到群多普利、维拉帕米、二药联合和安慰剂组。主要终点:发展成持续微量白蛋白尿。,Ruggenenti,P.,et al.,N Engl J Med,2004,Company Logo Logo,The difference between the group that received ACE inhibitor therapy and the g
4、roup that did not,was significant(P0.001)Ruggenenti,P.,et al.,N Engl J Med,2004,Company Logo Logo,The difference between the two groups,was significant(P=0.01),Company Logo Logo,The difference between the trandolapril group and the placebo group,was significant(P=0.01)Ruggenenti,P.,et al.,N Engl J M
5、ed,2004,Company Logo Logo,The difference between the verapamil group and the placebo group was not significant(P=0.54).,Company Logo Logo,The difference between the group that received non-dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers and the group that did not was not significant(P=0.92).,Company Logo L
6、ogo,(trandolapril-plus-verapamil group)or the(trandolapril-alone group)VS.the placebo group(P0.002);verapamil group vs placebo group(P0.05),Company Logo Logo,研究表明:,ACEI+维拉帕米能有效减少2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿的发生率;ACEI单用也能减少2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿的发生率,但维拉帕米单一用药无效;ACEI+维拉帕米和ACEI单用预防微量白蛋白尿的作用超出其降压作用;对于合并高血压但蛋白尿正常的2型糖尿病患者,有效的血压控制和ACE
7、I治疗是肾脏保护、预防新发微量白蛋白尿的两个关键因素。,Ruggenenti,P.,et al.,N Engl J Med,2004,Company Logo Logo,在CKD进展中的肾脏保护作用,RENALL研究(2001,n=1513)ARB(氯沙坦)在2型糖尿病肾病患者中的治疗观察观察终点:血清肌酐增高1倍、或(和)进入终末肾衰竭、或(和)死亡。,Barry M,N Engl J Med,2001,Company Logo Logo,Barry M,N Engl J Med,2001,The losartan group reached the primary end point,as
8、 compared With the placebo group(P=0.02),Company Logo Logo,Barry M,N Engl J Med,2001,Losartan reduced the incidence of a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration(P=0.006),Company Logo Logo,Barry M,N Engl J Med,2001,Company Logo Logo,Barry M,N Engl J Med,2001,Company Logo Logo,Barry M,N Engl J
9、Med,2001,Company Logo Logo,Barry M,N Engl J Med,2001,Company Logo Logo,氯沙坦对于2型糖尿病的慢性肾脏病具有重要的保护作用,同时具有良好的依从性和安全性。,Company Logo Logo,2008年美国A Moharam MD.发表在Kindey Inte.研究发现:氯沙坦相对于安慰剂能有效提升血红蛋白含量,在试验第1年内差距最大,同时氯沙坦可有效降低ESRD发生和者死亡率。,A Moharam,Kindey Inte.2008,Company Logo Logo,IDNT研究(2001,n=1715)研究厄贝沙坦在2型
10、糖尿病肾病的疗效。观察终点:血清肌酐增高1倍、或(和)进入终末肾衰竭、或(和)死亡。,Company Logo Logo,Company Logo Logo,Company Logo Logo,Company Logo Logo,Company Logo Logo,Company Logo Logo,厄贝沙坦在2型糖尿病肾病中,有效降低蛋白尿,延缓ESRD,降低死亡率,具有肾脏保护作用,这种作用是独立于血压因素的。,Edmund J.N ENGL J MED 2001,Company Logo Logo,REIN研究(1997,n=352)多中心,随机对照试验。研究雷米普利在非糖尿病肾病中的应
11、用。终点事件包括GFR下降,尿蛋白升高,血清肌酐升高,ESRD的发生。,THE GISEN GROUP,Lancet 1997,Company Logo Logo,P=0.02,Company Logo Logo,研究发现:在相等的血压水平,相对安慰剂组,雷米普利能有效缓解GFR每月下降率,减少蛋白尿的生产。在后来的研究发现,一部分患者积蓄长期使用雷米普利可以使GRF稳定并逐渐改善。,THE GISEN GROUP,Lancet 1997 RUGGENENTI,P,J Am Soc Nephrol 1999,Company Logo Logo,COOPERATE研究(2004,n=92,日本)
12、群多普利,氯沙坦单药或联合治疗非DN的CKD。观察终点:血清肌酐升高1倍或者ESRD的发生或者死亡。,THE LANCET 2003,Company Logo Logo,Company Logo Logo,Company Logo Logo,ACEI在CKD晚期的肾脏保护作用,ESBARI研究(2006,n=468)对非糖尿病肾病应用ACEI的RCT研究。血肌酐为26524420 IJ-molL(35mgd1)者应用贝那普利20mgd,平均治疗34年。,Fan Fan Hou,N Engl J Med 2006,Company Logo Logo,随机分组,group 1:Cr(1.5 to
13、3.0 mg/decilite)group 2:Cr(3.1 to 5.0 mg/decilite),benazepril(20mg/d),placebo,Fan Fan Hou,N Engl J Med 2006,benazepril(20mg/d),Company Logo Logo,The decline in blood pressure was similar in the two groups(P=0.26)and in the two subgroups of group 2(P=0.18).,Fan Fan Hou,N Engl J Med 2006,Company Logo
14、Logo,There was a significantly greater reduction in the level of proteinuria among patients assigned to benazepri l than among those assigned to placebo(P0.001),Fan Fan Hou,N Engl J Med 2006,Company Logo Logo,Fan Fan Hou,N Engl J Med 2006,There was no significant difference between the two benazepri
15、l groups in creatinine clearance(P=0.19)VS placebo(P=0.006),Company Logo Logo,Fan Fan Hou,N Engl J Med 2006,Group1 VS。Group2 p=P=0.003Group2 benazepril VS。placebo P=0.004,Company Logo Logo,与安慰剂组比较,达到主要终点的危险率降低43(P=0005),蛋白尿水平降低52,。肾功能减退速度降低23,主要不良事件的总发生率与安慰剂组相似。从而改变了ACEI不能用于CKD患者血肌酐2652 p molL者的禁例。,
16、Fan Fan Hou,N Engl J Med 2006,Company Logo Logo,联合还是单用,Martin MacKinnon,Am J Kidney Dis,2006,Company Logo Logo,Mean change in serum potassium levels when an ARB is added to ACE-inhibitor therapy.,Martin MacKinnon,Am J Kidney Dis,2006,Company Logo Logo,Change in estimated GFR when an ARB is added to
17、ACE-inhibitor therapy.,Company Logo Logo,In conclusion,the combination of ACE-inhibitor andARB therapy in patients with proteinuric CKD is both safe and efcacious.The antiproteinuric effects of combination therapy may be greater in patients with nondiabetic renal disease compared with patients with
18、diabetes,Martin MacKinnon,Am J Kidney Dis,2006,Company Logo Logo,Meta-analysis(2008),单独使用ACEI及ARB可以有效降低尿蛋白,微量白蛋白。在正常剂量范围内,短期联合使用ARB及ACEI可以更加有效降低尿蛋白及微量白蛋白。但是长期使用是否会增加高血钾、肾小球率过滤等风险还需要进一步研究。,Regina Kunz,Ann Intern Med.2008,Company Logo Logo,Meta-analysis(2011),系统分析有蛋白尿和微白蛋白尿及心血管风险的患者单独使用或联合使用ACEI及ARB的效
19、果。ACEI相对安慰剂能有效降低心血管风险,但是ARB或者是联合使用的均未发现明显统计学差异。在延缓ESRD中,ACEI及ARB均有效,但是联合使用没有明显差异。目前仍缺乏大型的各类药物组合使用的临床试验,仍需要进一步研究。,Ausilia Maione,Nephrol Dial Transplant(2011),Company Logo Logo,血压控制水平,9个大型临床研究结果荟萃分析显示,在CKD患者,未经治疗的高血压(MAPl 19mmHg)每年肾功能丧失的速度比血压良好控制者(MAP95mmHg)快7倍。,Company Logo Logo,一般来讲血压在13585mmHg以上即应
20、开始进行血压干预治疗,已有MDRD、HOPE等几项大型研究证实,CKD的血压至少应控制在13080mmHg以内,对于尿蛋白大于lg24h者更应控制在12575mmHg以内。,Company Logo Logo,小结,ACEI及ARB不仅在有高血压的CKD患者使用可延缓CKD的进展,对无高血压的CKD使用同样可延缓CKD的进展。不仅对有大量蛋白尿的CKD患者适用,对无蛋白尿的CKD患者同样适用。CKD患者无论处于哪一期均应使用RAS阻断剂,Company Logo Logo,进展,The Long-term Impact of RAS Inhibition on Cardiorenal Outc
21、omes(LIRICO)在有心血管风险和蛋白尿患者中,比较单独使用ACEI,ARB和联合使用,是否能够获益,降低心血管及肾脏风险。,Maione A,Nicolucci A,J Nephrol 2007,Company Logo Logo,Preventing ESRD in Overt Nephropathy of Type 2 Diabetes(VALID)比较洛汀新(10mg/d)联合代文(160mg/d)相对于单独使用代文(320mg/d)是否能有效降低ESRD的发生。,Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research,Company Logo Logo,VA NEPHROpathy iN Diabetes Study(VANEPHROND)Study随机双盲多中心(n=1850)研究在有明显蛋白尿的进展期糖尿病肾病中,评估氯沙坦联合赖诺普利,单独使用氯沙坦的疗效。,Fried LF,Duckworth W,Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009,Thank You!,