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1、English literatureThe Victorian Age,the Victorian Period,The Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901.The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.,The Chartist Movement（1836-1848）宪章运动,Th
2、e English workers got themselves organized in big cities&brought forth the Peoples charter,in which they demanded basic rights&better living&working conditions.They,for three times,made appeals to the government,with hundreds of thousands of peoples signatures.The movement swept over most of the cit
3、ies in the country.Although the movement declined to an end in 1848,it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class.This was the first mass movement of the English working class&the early sign of the awakening of the poor,oppressed people.,Utilitarianism功利主义,Almost everything was p
4、ut to the test by the criterion(标准)of utility,that is,the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists,whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost&brought greater suffering&poverty to the working mass.,Cri
5、tical Realism批判现实主义,The Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism,a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral&physical diseases as they are.To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing.As the mirror of truth,literature has come very clos
6、e to daily life,reflecting its practical problems&interests&is used as a powerful instrument of human progress(进步,发展).,Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白,By dramatic monologue,it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis,in which his characters are made to talk about their lives,&about their mi
7、nds&hearts.In listening to those one-sided talks,readers can form their own opinions&judgments about the speakers personality&about what has really happened.Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity&perfection&his My Last Duchess is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.,The Refor
8、m Bill of 1832 gave the middle class the political power.While the affluence of the middle class increased,the lower classes,thrown off their land and into the cities to form the great urban working class.In 1837 when Queen Victoria came to the throne(王位),married women had no property rights,not eve
9、n in the proceeds of their own earnings.They had no rights to custody（监护）of their own children and were excluded from universities and professions.,The social changes,Darwins Origin of Species(1859)and The Descent of Man(1871)shook the theoretical basis of the conventional religious faith.,Backgroun
10、d of the period,The enlightenment movement.（启蒙运动）The enlighteners celebrated reason,equality and science,claiming that the reason should be the only and the final cause of the humans.They believe in the eternal justice and natural equality and the eternal truth.Towards the middle of the 18 century,i
11、t has become the first powerful capitalist country.It is a period of economic expansion and population growth.Culturally,it is believed that self-reliance and hard work is the preferred social moral and value.,Features of the Victorian Literature,Victorian literature,as a product of its age,naturall
12、y took on its quality of magnitude(大小)&diversity.It was many-sided&complex,&reflected both romantically&realistically the great changes that were going on in peoples life&thought.Great writers&great works abounded.,Novel,The Victorian age was the great age of the English novelrealistic,thickly plott
13、ed(紧凑的情节),crowded with characters,and long.It was the ideal form to describe contemporary life and to entertain the middle class.,Major writers in the period,John BunyanThe Pilgrims Progress天路历程 Grace Abounding to the chief of Sinners(上帝赐于最大罪人的无限恩惠)The Holy War圣战Vanity Fair名利场,Daniel Defoe(丹尼尔.笛福160
14、01731),Representative works:Robinson Crusoe(鲁滨逊漂流记)A Journal of the Plague(大瘟疫日记)Samuel Richardson(塞缪尔.里查森)Pamela(帕米拉)The History of Sir Charles Grandison(查尔斯先生的历史),Jonathan Swift(1667-1705)乔纳森.斯威特,Representative works:Gullivers Travels(格利佛游记)A Tale of a Tub(一个木桶的故事),Nonfiction写实文学,Famous historians
15、,critics,scientists and essayists abounded.Thomas Macaulay represents in the fullest degree the Victorian vigor and delight in material progress.Thomas Carlyle,the historian,social critic,and prophet（预言者，先知）,wrote a major history of the French Revolution.,John Henry Newman,one of the prime movers of
16、 the Oxford Movement,wrote a series of essays on religion,philosophy,and education.John Ruskin,the foremost English art critic,revolutionized art criticism and wrote some of the most superb prose in the English language.John Stuart Mill,better known as the author of Principles of Political Economy（政
17、治经济学原理）,was the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century.,Poetry,Victorian poetry is obsessed by the great ideas of a fictionalized（小说化的）past,it functions as a popular encyclopedia（百科全书）or commentary to myth or folklore（民间传说）and it is a fashionable commentary to a vari
18、ety of ideas.Its most representative poet is Alfred Tennyson.His production of poetry was steady,and its variety great.,Alfred Tennyson（丁尼生)18091892,English poet,one of the great representative figures of the Victorian Age.His writing encompasses many poetic styles and includes some of the finest idyllic poetry（田园诗）in the language.,For man is man and master of his fate.人就是人，是自己命运的主人。WORKS：Poems Chiefly Lyrical 抒情诗集（1830）In Memoriam 悼念集（1850）Idylls of the king 国王叙事诗（1859）,THANK YOU!,
