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1、Legal Translation,1,法律翻译的特点,1.注重文义多于文采 1）用字要准确，不得含糊而引起误解 2）不能交替使用同义词 3）不能使用带有约定俗成的成语。,2,多使用here，there，where等前缀(prefix),3,4,多用shall代替will或should,用shall代替will或should加強語氣和強制力。合同中，shall並非單純表示將來時，而常用來表示法律上可強制執行的義務，具有約束力，宜譯為“應”、“應該”、“必須”；will無論語氣還是強制力要比shall弱，宜譯為“將”、“原”、“要”；should通常只用來表示語氣較強的假設、比如“萬一”。(1)
2、This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.本合同簽字生效。(2)This Contract shall be written in English in four copies.Each party shall keep two copies.本合同應以英文寫成，一式四份，雙方各持兩份。,5,2.用語方面力求嚴謹，明白無誤,(1)The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed
3、 as an integral part of this Contract.下列文件應被認為、讀作、解釋為本合同的組成部分。(2)This Contract can only be altered,amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.本合同只能按照雙方授權代表簽名蓋章的文件進行修改或增補。(3)All activities of ABC Co.shall be governed by the law
4、s,decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of China.ABC公司的一切活動必須受中國的法律、法令和有關規章條例的管轄。,6,多用主動語態，少用被動語態,(1)Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.（不宜）乙方被甲方委託為在新加坡的獨家銷售代理商(2)Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.（適宜）甲方委託乙方為
5、在新加坡的獨家銷售代理商,7,多用現在時，少用將來時,儘管很多條款規定的是合同簽訂以後的事項：(1)Licensee may terminate this Contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to Licensor upon the happening of one of the following events.當有下列事件之一發生，被許可人提前90天向许 可人發送書面通知後，可以終止合同。(2)Licensor becomes insolvent or a liquidator of Licensor is app
6、ointed.許可人無力償付債務或其破產清算人已被指定。,8,(3)The patent described in Article 2 is not issued within 30 days from signing this Contract.第二條規定的專利未在簽約後30天之內發佈。(4)Licensor fails to perform its obligations under this Contract.許可人未能履行其合同義務。,9,3.直接表達方式用得多，間接表達方式用得少,This Article does not apply to bondholders who have
7、not been paid in full.（用得少）本條款不適用於尚未全部償付的債券持有者。(2)This Article applies only to bondholders who have been paid in full.（用得多）本條款只適用於已全部償付的債券持有者。,10,使用一個動詞，避免使用“動詞+名詞+介詞”的同意短語,(1)Party A shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the Contract.甲方應於簽約後30天內指派其授權代表。(宜用 app
8、oint 代替 make an appointment of.)(2)Party A will give consideration to Party Bs proposal of exclusive agency.甲方願意考慮乙方獨家代理的建議。(宜用 consider代替 give consideration to.),11,使用頻繁的特殊用語,WHEREAS 鑒於 正式而重要的合同，尤其是英美法系的合同，多用它在前文中引出簽約背景和目的，起連詞作用：(1)WHEREAS the Employer is desirous that manpower can be rendered avai
9、lable for the construction of High-Rise Residential Complex in Baghdad,Iraq 鑒於雇主欲請勞動力建造伊拉克巴格達的高層住宅綜合大樓(2)WHEREAS the Contractor is desirous to provide the manpower for the Works.鑒於承包人想為此工程提供勞動力。,12,使用頻繁的特殊用語,Whereas,it is agreed as follows：鑒於特此達成協定如下：本協議由簽訂證明：In witness whereof 以资证明 作為所協議事項的證據，該短語常用
10、于合同的結尾條款：Eg:In witness whereof,the parties have executed this Contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representatives on the date first above written.作為所協議事項的證據，雙方授權代表于上面首次寫明的日期正式簽訂本協議一式兩份。,13,使用頻繁的特殊用語,Now,therefore 茲特 此短語用於WHEREAS條款之後引出具體協議事項的常用開头語，並與其後hereby結合。(1)Now,therefore,its hereby a
11、greed and understood as follows:茲特協議和諒解如下:(2)Now these presents(the present writings)witness 茲特立約為據 本句話也是用於 Whereas 條款之後引出具體協議事項。,14,法律合同的翻譯,Legal Contract Translation,15,何谓商务合同？,商务合同（business contract)实现商务目的，按一定的合法手续达成的契约,用来规定双方的权利和义务。,16,合同的重要性,合同法是民商法的重要组成部分，是规范市场交易的基本法律，它涉及到生产、生活领域的方方面面，与企业的生产经营
12、和人们的生活密切相关。制定一规范合同，能够更好地适应社会主义市场经济发展的需 要，对于及时解决经济纠纷，保护当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义现代化建设，具有十分重要的作用。,17,a long-term contract 长期合同a short-term contract 短期合同completion of contract 完成合同contract for future delivery 期货合同contract for goods 订货合同contract for purchase 采购合同contract for service 劳务合同labor contract 劳动
13、合同contract note 买卖合同（证书）contract of arbitration 仲裁合同contract of carriage/Carriage Contract 运输合同Passenger Carriage Contract 客运合同Cargo Carriage Contract货运合同Technology Contract 技术合同Technology Development Contract 技术开发合同Technology Transfer Contract 技术转让合同Technical Consulting Contract 技术咨询合同Technical Ser
14、vice Contract 技术服务合同Safekeeping Contract 保管合同Warehousing Contract仓储合同Agency Appointment Contract 委托合同,Trading-Trust Contract 行纪合同Brokerage Contract 居间合同Multi-modal Carriage Contract 多式联运合同contract of employment 雇佣合同contract of insurance 保险合同contract of sale 销售合同Sales Contract 买卖合同Contract for Supply
15、 of Power,Water,Gas,Or Heat 供电、水、气、热合同Gift Contract 赠与合同Contract for Loan of Money 借款合同contract law 合同法Leasing Contract 租赁合同Financial Leasing Contract 融资租赁合同Contracts of Hired Work 承揽合同Contracts for Construction Project 建设工程合同contract life 合同有效期a nice fat contract 一个很有利的合同a written contract 书面合同an e
16、xecutor contract 尚待执行的合同breach of contract 违反合同cancellation of contract 撤消合同,18,翻译合同时绝对不能忽视的三大细节,合同翻译中容易出错的地方，往往是一些关键的细节方面，而不是大的陈述性条款。这些细节可以归纳成以下三个方面。一、合同责任条款的翻译 众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为准确翻译出双方责任的权 限与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举 例说明如下。and/or(和/或)常用and/or 来翻译合同中“甲和乙”,“甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。例：如果上述货物对船舶和
17、（或）船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board.,19,by and between(强调双方)常用by and between 强调合同是由“双方”签订 的，因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋予的责任。Eg:This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and th
18、e Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。,20,二、合同时间条款的翻译 在翻译与时间有关的文字时，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以翻译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。双介词 on and after 用双介词来翻译含当天日期在内的起止时间。例：自8 月10 日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。Party A shall be unaut
19、horized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after 10th August.Our terms are cash within one month,i.e.on or before Jan 1.我公司的条件是，1个月内，即不得晚于1 月1 日，支付现金。,21,not(no)later than 用 not(no)later than 日期翻译“不迟于某月某日”。eg：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于10 月1 日，你方须将货物装船。Party B shall ship the goods within one
20、 month of the date of signing this Contract,i.e not later than Oct 1.,22,include 的相应形式 常用include 的相应形式：inclusive、including 和included，来限定含当日在内的时间。eg：本证在北京议付，有效期至1 月1 日。This credit expires till January 1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.(or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for nego
21、tiation in Beijing.)如果不包括1 月1 日 在内，英译为till and not including January 1。,23,三、合同金额条款的翻译 为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改，英译时常用以下措施严格把关。大写文字重复金额 英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”；在最后加上“ONLY”意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。例:总金额为500美元 整。The total amount is US$500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLL
22、ARS ONLY).,24,正确使用货币符号 英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币；而“”不仅代表“英镑”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧 靠货币符号，例如：Can$12,568，不能写成：Can$12,568。另外，还要特别注意金额中是小数点(.)还是分节号(,)，因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的。Can$12,568 vs.Can$125.68,25,Practice：,在法律上，不动产是指一个人在财产中所拥有的利益或所有权的等级程度。从这个意义上来说，不动
23、产一词特指房地产但又不仅限于房地产。从更广的含义上来说，不动产一词也用来指个人拥有的全部财产。在权力和义务被视为一个统一整体的这个更广的含义里，负债有时也包含在不动产中。在“全部个人所有”这个意义上的不动产分为房地产和个人不动产。,商務合同的特點,法律用詞 合同是法律性的正式書面文檔，使用 正式的、法律的用詞 是必要的。(1)At the request of Party B,Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.應乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技術人員幫助乙方安裝設備。(assist
24、 較 help 正式)(2)The personnel shall not partake in any political activities in Iraq.所有人員不得參加伊拉克國內的任何政治活動。(partake in 較 take part in 正式)(3)The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.雇主應該對有關人員給予正確技術指導。(render 較 give正式),27,(4)Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and be
25、ar the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。(repatriate 较 send back 正式)(5)This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.本合同受中国法律管辖，并按中国法律解释。(construe 较 explain/interpret 正式)(6)The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace f
26、orthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时，可以反对并要求立即撤换。(require较 ask 正式；公文体 forthwith 较 at once 正式),28,(7)The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集临时董事会议。(conv
27、ene，interim 都是正式用词)(8)In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed,the other party shall have the preemptive right.如一方想出售或转让其投资之全部或部分，另一方有优先购买权。(法律用词assign 较 transfer 正式)(9)In processing transactions,the manufacturers shall never have title either to the mater
28、ials or the finished products.加工贸易中，厂方无论是对原料还是成品都无所有权。(法律用词title 较 ownership 正式),29,(10)The term“effective date means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.生效期是指雙方合同簽字的日子。(法律用詞 execute 較 sign 正式),30,合同翻译中最易混淆的七组词语,合同翻译时，常常由于选词不当而导致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此掌握极易
29、混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的。常用且易混淆的七对词语如下:,31,1.abide by 与 comply withabide by 与comply with 都有“遵守”的意思。当主语是“人”时，英译“遵守”须用abide by；当主语是非人称时，则用comply with 英译“遵守”。例：Both parties shall abide by the contractual stipulations.双方都应遵守合同规定。All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.双方的
30、一切活动都应遵守合同规定。,32,2.shipping advice 与 shipping instructionsshipping advice 是“装运通知”，是由出口商（卖主）发给进口商（买主）的。shipping instructions 则是“装运须知”，是进口商（买主）发给出口商（卖主）的。另外要注意区分：delivery note(送货回执)与 delivery order(交货单)vendor(卖主)与 vendee(买主)consignor(发货人)与 consignee(收货人),33,3.change A to B 与 change A into B“把 A 改为 B”应
31、该翻译成“change A to B”，而“把 A 折合成/兑换成 B”应该翻译成用“change A into B”，两者不可混淆。例：交货期改为5月并将人民币折合成美元。Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to June and change Renminbi into US dollar.,34,4.ex/per/by源自拉丁语的介词 ex 与 per 有各自不同的含义:由某轮船“运来”的货物时用 ex 由某轮船“运走”的货物用 per 由某轮船“承运”用 by例:由“维多利亚轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于8 月10
32、 日抵达伦敦。The last batch per/ex/by SS Victoria will arrive at London on 10th August(SS=Steamship).,35,5.in 与 after当英译“多少天之后”的时间时，往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天，所以必须用介词 in而不能用 after，因为介词 after 指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一天。例:该货于8月10日由“东风”轮运出，41 天后（9月21日）抵达纽约港。The good shall be shipped per MV“Dong Feng”on 10th August and are d
33、ue to arrive at New York Port in 41 days.(MV=motor vessel)注：这里如果改用 after 的话，就是指在41天之后的某一天到达，而不是41天后的确定日子（9月21日）。,36,6.on/upon 与 after当翻译“到后，就时，用介词 on/upon而不用after，因为 after 表示“之后的时间不明确例：发票货值须货到付给。The invoice value is to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods.,37,7.by 与 before当翻译终止时间时，比如“在某月某日之前，如果包括所指定
34、日期时，就用介词 by如果不包括所指定日期，即指到所写日期的前一天为止，就要用介词 before例：卖方须在 6 月 15 日前将货交给买方。The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.(or:before June 16，说明含6 月15 日在内。如果不含6 月15 日，就直接译为 by June 14 或者 before June 15。),38,商务合同长句的翻译,英文合同中使用的大量长句首先理出句子的逻辑关系和主干成分：（主语、谓语和宾语；非谓语结构、介词短语和从句；固定搭配，插入语）再按汉语表达习惯，变动语序
35、，重新组合在分析句子结构、成分的基础上，采用顺序法、逆序法及分译法进行翻译。,39,例 1：If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2,then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or under Applicable Laws,it shall indemnify and keep ind
36、emnified the other Party and the company against any losses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.,分析：第一步，拆分句子：此长句可拆分为四个意义段，分别是：1)If a Party breaches in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.22)then in addition to Applicable laws
37、3）it shall indemnify and costs,expenses,liabilities and claims4)that such Party or as a result of such breach.,40,例 1：If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2,then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party unde
38、r this contract or under Applicable Laws,it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.,第二步，结构分析：1.句的主乾结构是主语（It）（情态动词动词原形）（shall indemnify a
39、nd keep indemnifiedagainst）宾语（the other Party and the Company）。2.“if引导的是条件从句，条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语（given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2）。3.“in addition to引导的是增补成分，其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语（available to the other Party under this contract or under applicable laws）。4.而“that引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。5.固定结构“ind
40、emnify sb.against 使某人不受,根据以上分析，以及汉语的行文习惯（条件在前，结果在后，以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前），以上条款可翻译为:如果一方违反任何其根据第18.1条或18.2条所做的陈述及担保或重述，则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外，违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损失、损害、费用、开支、责任或索赔。,例 2:The Buyers may,within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination，lodge a claim against the sellers for
41、 short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.,这是一个简单长句，其主干为 The Buyers may lodge a claim修饰谓语动词的状语有三个:a.时间:within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destinationb.方式:being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyorc
42、.目的:for short-weight 而且状语套状语，作定语的分词issued还有自己的状语by a reputable public surveyor。,状语在英语中的位置十分灵活，然而按照汉语的行文规范，方式状语一般应位于动词之前；而有些状语在译文中可以灵活处理，例如本句中的时间状语，可以提前至句首。因此，上句可译成：货物抵达目的港15天内，买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。,例 3：The Equipment and Material shall be carefully and properly packed in the best and stable
43、 condition according to the figures and characteristics of the Equipment and Material so as to withstand long-distance sea and inland transportation and numerous handlings.,方式状语通常都是规定性的，其作用是规定合约方履行某项义务必须采取的方式或手段方式状语1:in the best and stable condition方式状语2：according to the figures and characteristics
44、of the Equipment and Material 目的状语：so as to withstand long-distance sea and inland transportation and numerous handlings.,设备和原料须根据其形状和特点以完善而牢固的方式精心妥当地包装，包装须适合于长途海、陆运输，能经受多次装卸。,Practice,在法律中，违约是指无法定正当理由而故意或非故意的不履行合同约定的条款。在某些情况下，若某订约人采取了真诚善意的行为，并已基本履行了其所有的义务，即使其行为与合同略有偏差，法庭也不会因此认为该订约人构成违约。,违约的后果视合同及违约的性质不同而有所区别。通常的补偿是法庭判决违约方给予金钱赔偿。在个别情况下，例如在房地产买卖或独一无二不可替代的个人财产买卖中，受害方可以要求额外的补偿。对此，法庭通过判决，强制造成损害的一方出让该房地产或个人财产的所有权。如果造成损害的一方不遵守该判决，它则会因为藐视法庭罪而受到罚款和监禁。,
