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1、Unit 3,paraphrasing exercises,Paraphrasing,What is a paraphrase?A statement that involves putting a passage from source material into your own wordsthe paraphrase has approximately the same number of wordsthe paraphrase must be attributed to the original source,Paraphrasing,similar to summarizing,is
2、 restating others ideas in your own words without altering the meaning or providing interpretation.But it differs from the latter in that a paraphrase will generally be about the same length as the original source material,as well as a paraphrase can have quoted words or terms that that you cannot o
3、r do not want to change.Likewise,a paraphrase should also be attributed to with an in-text citation.,Steps for paraphrasing,1)Select a short passage(about one to four sentences)that supports an idea in your paper.2)Read the passage carefully to fully understand it.3)Take notes about the main idea an
4、d supporting points you think you should include in the paraphrase,including key words and terms used by the author.,4)Using only your notes to write a paraphrase.Your paraphrase should be about the same length as the original source.5)Reread the original source.Is there important information that y
5、ou have forgotten or written inaccurately?Is your paraphrase too similar to the original source?If so,revise your paragraph.6)Add in-text citation(check the required formatting style).,Methods of Paraphrasing,1.use different vocabulary with the same meaning1)use synonyms2)change parts of speech3)giv
6、e definitions2.use different grammar3.use different structure1)change sentence order2)combine sentences3)split sentences,Tasks for paraphrasing,Task 1 use a synonym of a word or phrase1a.Studies showed that they were born with something special.1b.Studies revealed that they are endowed with somethin
7、g super-normal.2a.Children are entitled to the right to develop their capabilities to the full.2b.Children deserve the right to learn to the limits of their capacity.,3a.The present situations make us have the reason to be optimistic.3b.The present situations justify the optimism.4a.Despite this,man
8、y central city areas have lost their population.4b.Despite this,many inner cities have experienced a decrease in population.,Task 2 change the order of information1a.Obviously,different people have different attitudes towards mental illness.1b.Obviously,attitudes towards mental illness vary from per
9、son to person.2a.Cognitive development depends on the childrens culture.2b.The childrens culture affects their cognitive development.,3a.A successful career tends to cost some women a happy marriage.3b.Some women achieve success in their career at the expense of marital happiness.4a.Technology has s
10、ignificantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history.4b.History has demonstrated that technology affects education profoundly.,Task 3 change from the active to the passive or vice versa1a.If the world take concerted action,the energy problem will be dealt with efficientl
11、y.1b.The energy problem will be dealt with efficiently by concerted worldwide action.2a.However,one can hardly control the media used to generate information.2b.However,very little control can be exercised over the media used to generate information.,3a.The study shows that frequent parental praise
12、has a great influence on ones life.3b.The study indicates that ones life is largely shaped by whether he or she received frequent parental praise.4a.Until recently most people still considered daydreaming as a waste of time and as evidence of maladjustment.4b.Until recently daydreaming was still per
13、ceived either as a waste of time or as evidence of maladjustment.,Task 4 change the positive into the negative and vice versa1a.Even the modestly educated adult can be upset by such an experience.1b.No modestly educated adult can fail to be upset by such an experience.2a.Many influences can be taken
14、 into consideration and many other factors affect global temperature.2b.No single influence can be taken in isolation and many other factors affect global temperature.,3a.Agriculture is most likely to be profoundly affected by global warming in any critical activity.3b.No more critical activity stan
15、ds to be profoundly affected by global warming than agriculture.4a.Technology makes it more difficult to separate ourselves from work and thinking of work.4b.It is not easy now to remove oneself-both physically and mentally-from work with technology.,Task 5 change personal nouns into impersonal noun
16、s and vice versa.1a.Men are reluctant to retire as they anticipate the deprivation of money.1b.Reluctance among men to retire is associated with anticipated deprivation of a financial source.2a.If you compare two systems carefully,you will find the former is superior to the latter.2b.Careful compari
17、son of two systems will show the superiority of the former over the latter.,3a.Most people agree that it is necessary for the government to regulate the money supply.3b.There is general agreement that it is necessary for the government to regulate the money supply.4a.More and more people are aware o
18、f the inadequacies of our judicial system.4b.There has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of our judicial system.,Task 6 change complex sentences into simple sentences and vice versa.1a.Though a child scores poorly in his first school year,it should be no reflection of his intelligence
19、.1b.Low-scoring child in his first school years does not necessarily mean he has poor intelligence.2a.But some suggested that we may cut down government spending and raise wages for teachers.2b.But some suggested lower government spending and higher wages for teachers.,3a.To achieve the goal,we need
20、 to explore new ways boldly and try to carry out reforms continuously.3b.The attainment of the goal demands bold exploration of new ways and continuous efforts to carry out reforms.4a.If we develop nanotechnology,we will depend less on non-renewable resources.4b.Our dependence on non-renewable resou
21、rces would diminish with the development nanotechnology.,Task 7 Read the text below and then decide which is the better paraphrase,(a)or(b).Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC.Studies conducted of the mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous regions which feed the Nile s
22、uffered from a prolonged drought.This would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself.,a)The sudden ending of Egyptian civilization over 4,000 years ago was probably caused by changes in the weather in the region to the south.Without the regular river flooding t
23、here would not have been enough food.b)Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry period in the mountains at the rivers source may have led to a lack of water for irrigation around 2180 BC,which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began.,Assignment,Using the technique
24、s you have acquired above to paraphrase the following sentences.1)It began in France and Germany,but took off in the United States.2)There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing,thus inventing mass production.,3)After the Second World War
25、the industry developedplanned obsolescence,whereby frequent model changes encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to.4)Later,from the 1970s,environmentalists began to criticize the industry for producing inefficient models which used too much fuel,contributing to global warm
26、ing.,5)Today the industry owns some of the strongest brands in the world.6)However,many major car companies struggle with stagnant markets and falling profits.,When to use quotations,paraphrases,and summaries?,In general,it is best to use a quote when,the language of the original source text is irre
27、placeable you wish to appeal to the authority of the author to confirm the credibility of your argument on your topicyou wish to argue with the authors position in considerable detailyou plan to analyze and discuss the language itself,In general,it is best to use a summary when,you want to identify
28、only the main ideas of the writer.you want to give an overview of the topic(from several sources).you want to simplify a complex argument.you want to condense the matter to suit your requirement.,In general,it is best to use a paraphrase when,there is no good reason to use a quote to refer to your e
29、vidence.you are trying to explain a particular idea or a piece of evidence in order to explain or interpret it in more detail.you want to demonstrate that you understand the source authors argument.you think the style and expressing is inconsistent with your own.you need to balance the direct quote in your writing(10%).,
