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1、The Silk Road:Historical Geography,Developed by Joe Naumann,UMSL,The Silk Road,The Silk Road,or Silk Route,is an interconnected series of trade routes through Southern Asia mainly connecting Changan(todays Xian)in China,with Asia Minor and the Mediterranean.It extends over 8,000 km(5,000 miles)on la
2、nd and sea.Trade on the Silk Route was a significant factor in the development of the great civilizations of China,Mesopotamia,Persia,India and Rome,and helped to lay the foundations for the modern world.,The Chinese Section,Major Stops on the Road,TaklamakanDesert,Tourists ready to begin a Silk Roa
3、d tour.,Cities and Sights,Along the Silk Road,Changan(Xian today),The site of the Han capital was located 5 km northwest of modern Xian.As the capital of the Western Han Dynasty,it was the political,economic and cultural center of China,the eastern terminus of the Silk Road,and a cosmopolitan metrop
4、olis comparable with the greatest cities of the contemporaneous Roman Empire.,Changan area satellite view,The statue is at the starting point of the ancient Silk Road of Changan(present Xian City).,City Wall of Changan,Big Wild Goose Pagoda,The Great Mosque 50,000 Muslims in Xian today,Tianshui,Tian
5、shui is the second largest city in Gansu province in northwest China,with approximately 320,300 people.A nearby tourist attraction is the Maijishan Grottoes filled with thousands of ancient Buddhist sculptures.The Qin state,later to become the founding dynasty of the Chinese empire,grew out from thi
6、s area,and the Qin name itself is believed to have originated,in part,from there.Qin tombs have been excavated from Fangmatan near Tianshui,including one 2200 year old map of Guixian county.It is a diocese of the Roman Catholic church,currently vacant.,4th largest area of Buddhist grottoes,Maiji Mou
7、ntain,Market Place,Residential Area,Lanzhou,Early settlement in this region could be dated to the Han Dynasty and has a history of over 2,000 years.The city used to be called the Golden City,when it was a major stop on the ancient Silk Road.To protect the city,the Great Wall of China was extended as
8、 far as Yumen.,Lanzhou area satellite view,Mountain Scenery,Old Irrigation Waterwheel,Sleeping Buddha,Traditional Sheepskin Raft,Lanzhou:Sangke Prairie local family and their home,Dunhuang,The city is located near the historic junction of the northern and southern Silk Roads,and was therefore a town
9、 of military importance.For centuries Buddhist monks at Dunhuang collected scriptures from the west,and many pilgrims passed through the area,painting murals inside the Mogao Caves or Caves of a Thousand Buddhas.,Satellite view of Dunhuang area.,The Mingsha Shan dune overlooking Dunhuang,Sand dunes
10、outside Dunhuang,Dunhuang city wall.,Buddhist Temple Grotto of 1000 Caves,Spring oasis near Dunhuang on the Silk Road,Turfan(Turpan),The Oasis of Turfan(with water provided by karez)is some 260ft under sea level.Around Turfan are quite a few historic sites.Turfan has long been the centre of a fertil
11、e oasis and an important trade centre.It was historically located along the Silk Roads northern route.The very heat and dryness of the summer,when combined with the areas ancient system of irrigation,allows the countryside around Turfan to produce great quantities of high-quality fruit.,Turfan Oasis
12、 satellite viewCan you spot the oasis?,What a difference water makes!,Karez(underground irrigation),Karez,2000 kilometers of underground channels(Karez)bring bring ice-cold water from the Tianshan mountains to Turfan.They have to be underground as otherwise the water would evaporate on the way.This
13、system is 2000 years old.,Desert Road,Flaming Mountains,Home in Turfan,Children from Turfan,Buddhist temple caves,Street and covered walks.,Emin minaret in Turfan,Khotan,Khotan is an oasis town in Khotan Prefecture and its capital as well,population 114,000(2006).An important station on the southern
14、 route of the historic Silk Road,it has always depended on two strong rivers the Karakash River and the Yurungkash River to provide the water needed to survive on the southwestern edge of the vast Taklamakan desert.,Taklamakan Desert satellite view near Khotan,Khotan,Taklamakan Desert,Kashgar,Turfan
15、,Taklamakan Desert,The Taklamakan is a desert of Central Asia,in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China.It is known as the largest sand-only desert in the world.Some references fancifully state that Taklamakan means if you go in,you wont come out;others state that it
16、means Desert of Death or Place of No Return.It covers an area of 270,000 km of the Tarim Basin.It is crossed at its northern and at its southern edge by two branches of the Silk Road.,Caravan in the Taklamakan Desert,Khotan mosque,Sunday market in Khotan,Man with goat on the road to Khotan,School ch
17、ildren in Khotan,Carpet weaving in Khotan,Khotan Carpet,Kashgar last stop in China,Kashgar is sited west of the Taklamakan desert at the feet of the Tian Shan mountain range.Situated at the junction of routes from the valley of the Oxus,from Khokand and Samarkand,Almati,Aksu,and Khotan,the last two
18、leading from China and India,Kashgar has been noted from very early times as a political and commercial centre.The Kashgar oasis is where both the northern and southern routes from China around the Taklamakan desert converge.,Pamir Mts.West of Kashgar,Pamir Mountains,Located in Central Asia,the Pami
19、r Mountains are formed by the junction or knot of the Tian Shan,Karakoram,Kunlun,and Hindu Kush ranges.They are among the worlds highest mountains.They are also known by the Chinese name of Congling 葱嶺 or Onion Mountains.Covered in snow throughout the year,the Pamirs have long and bitterly cold wint
20、ers,and short,cool summers.Annual precipitation is about 5 inches(130 mm),which supports grasslands but few trees.,Pamir Mts.Seen from the Silk Road,Old town section of Kashgar,New development in Kashgar,Sunday market&Idkah Mosque,Irrigation in Kashgar,Sunday market in Kashgar,Sunday market in Kashg
21、ar ready to cook goat meat,Spinning silk thread in Kashgar,Kashgar:Tomb of Muslim poet Yusup Hazi Hajups,Leaving China,The Silk Road west of China,Samarkand,Samarkand(Tajik:,Persian:,Uzbek:Samarqand,Russian:),population 412,300 in 2005,is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Sama
22、rqand Province.The city is most noted for its central position on the Asian Silk Road between China and the west.Despite its status as the second city of Uzbekistan,the majority of the citys inhabitants(90%)are Persian-speaking Tajiks.,Samarkand,Man at the Registan site of three Muslim clergy academ
23、ies.,View of the three academies.,Minaret in Samarkand,Old couple in Samarkand,Samarkand bazaar,Gur Emir,Tamerlanes mausoleum in his capital,Samarkand,Bukhara,Bukhara is the fifth-largest city in Uzbekistan,and capital of the Bukhara Province.It has a population of 237,900(1999 census estimate).Bukh
24、ara(along with Samarkand)is one of the two major centres of Uzbekistans Tajik minority.These two cities,Samarkand and Bukhara,belonged to Persians,especially to eastern part,who are now Tajiks.It is also home to a large number of Jews,whose ancestors settled in the city during Roman times.,Entrance
25、to the Ark Fortress,Mausoleum of Sufi Bakhautdin Naqshband,Fig vendor in Bukhara market,Beautiful mosaic work,Bukhara rooftops,Old shopping mall still in operation,Khiva,In the early part of its history,the inhabitants of the area were from Iranian stock and spoke an Eastern Iranian language called
26、Khwarezmian.The city of Khiva was first recorded by Muslim travelers in the 10th century,although archaeologists assert that the city has existed since the 6th century.By the early 17th century,Khiva had become the capital of the Khanate of Khiva,ruled over by a branch of the Astrakhans,a Genghisid
27、dynasty.,Old entrance to Kukhana Ark,Serpentine walls of Khiva,Central square of Khiva,Strolling through Khiva,New Serai,At Tzaref in southern Russia,north of the Caspian Sea,are ruins which were once-possibly-the Mongol cities of Serai and New Serai,seats of Batu Khan and Janibeg Khan.New Serai was
28、 also known as Great Serai,and it was the capital of the Golden Horde;it lies in unusually good pasturage near the salt works of Selitrennoi Gorodok.In the nineteenth century,Pallas explored the area,and saw that the ruins were being pulled down and defaced.,Northwestern Terminus,This was the end of
29、 the northern route from Kashgar.,Southern Route from Kashgar,This route terminated at the Mediterranean Sea.,Bactria,According to some writers,Bactria was the homeland of Aryan tribes who moved south-west into Iran and into North-Western India around 2500-2000 BC Later it became the north province
30、of the Persian Empire in Central Asia.It was in these regions,where the fertile soil of the mountainous country is surrounded by the Turanian desert,that the prophet Zarathushtra(Zoroaster)was said to have been born and gained his first adherents.,Bactria,Ancient Bactria,BALKH-(ancient Bactria)Calle
31、d the Mother of Cities,Balkh is about 22 kms.(13 mi.)west of Mazar-e-Sharif.Today nothing remains of its ancient glory except a series of ruins such as the famous Arch Of Nawbahar and the remains of a Buddhist Stupa.,Buddhist stupas in Bactria,Pasture in Bactria,Along the Silk Road,Merv,Merv in curr
32、ent-day Turkmenistan,was a major oasis-city in Central Asia,on the historical Silk Road,located near todays Mary.Several cities have existed on this site,which is significant for the interchange of culture and politics at a site of major strategic value.It is claimed that Merv was briefly the larges
33、t city in the world in the twelfth century.The site of ancient Merv has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.,New Silk Road under construction,Walls of ancient Merv,Archaeologists at ancient Merv.,Ancient Merv Citadel,Near ancient Merv,Tehran area south of the Caspian Sea,Area west of Tehr
34、an,Mesopotamia,Baghdad,Baghdad is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate.With an estimated population of seven million,it is the largest city in Iraq.It is the second-largest city in the Arab world(after Cairo)and the second-largest city in southwest Asia(after Tehran).Located on the Tigris
35、River the city dates back to at least the 8th century,and probably to pre-Islamic times.It was once the center of Dar al-salam,the Muslim world.,Iraq map,Mosque in Baghdad.,Mosque and arch,Dust storm in Baghdad,Babylon,The city itself was built upon the Euphrates,and divided in equal parts along its
36、 left and right banks,with steep embankments to contain the rivers seasonal floods.Babylon grew in extent and grandeur over time,but gradually became subject to the rule of Assyria.It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world from c.1770 to 1670 BC,and again between c.612 and
37、 320 BC.It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000.,Rebuilt ruins of Babylon,Babylon,Damascus,Damascus is the largest city of Syria and is also the capital.It is thought to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world.before Al Fayyum,and Gaziantep.Its current popula
38、tion is estimated at about 4.5 million.Damascus lies about 80 km inland from the Mediterranean Sea,sheltered by the Anti-Lebanon Mountains.It lies on a plateau 680 meters above sea-level.The old city of Damascus,enclosed by the city walls,lies on the south bank of the river BaradDamascus lies about
39、80 km inland from the Mediterranean Sea,sheltered by the Anti-Lebanon Mountains.It lies on a plateau 680 meters above sea-level.The old city of Damascus,enclosed by the city walls,lies on the south bank of the river Barada.,Damascus at sunset.,Downtown Damascus,Ummayyad Mosque in old Damascus,Antioc
40、h,Antioch on the Orontes was an ancient city on the eastern side(left bank)of the Orontes River located on the site of the modern city of Antakya,Turkey.Founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator,one of Alexander the Greats generals,Antioch was destined to rival Alexandria as t
41、he chief city of the nearer East and to be the cradle of gentile Christianity.It was one of the four cities of the Syrian tetrapolis.,Antioch,Antioch and Damascus located.,Antioch,View of Antioch,Orontes River at Antioch,The final leg of the journey.,From Antioch to Constantinople(Istanbul today)by
42、sea.,Constantinople(Istanbul),Constantinople was the capital of the Roman Empire(330-395),the Byzantine Empire(395-1204 and 1261-1453),the Latin Empire(1204-1261),and the Ottoman Empire(1453-1922).It was officially renamed to its modern Turkish name Istanbul in 1930 as part of Atatrks Turkish nation
43、al reforms.Strategically located between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara at the point where Europe meets Asia,Constantinople was extremely important as the successor to ancient Rome and the largest and wealthiest city in Europe throughout the Middle Ages;it was known as the Queen of Cities(Vasileousa Polis).,Constantinople,Location,The port of Constantinople,Walls of Constantinople,Better preserved triple wall,Hagia Sophia Istanbuls most beautiful and famous structure.,
