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1、Nature Ralph Waldo Emerson,向佳、刘俊明、刘清馨、程媛媛、孙琴,Introduction,Full name Ralph Waldo EmersonBorn May 25,1803 bostonDied April 27,1882(aged 78)Region Western Philosophy,Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist,lecturer,and poet,who led the Transcendentalist movement超验主义 of the mid-19th century.He was
2、seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society.Emerson formulated and expressed the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay,Nature.Following this ground-breaking work,he gave a speech entitled The American Scholar in 1837,which Oliver
3、Wendell Holmes,Sr.considered to be Americas Intellectual Declaration of Independence.,Nature,Nature is in this essay that the foundation of transcendentalism is put forth,a belief system that espouses a non-traditional appreciation of nature.1.Transcendentalism suggests that divinity diffuses all na
4、ture,and speaks to the notion that we can only understand reality through studying nature.2.A visit to the Musum National dHistoire Naturelle in Paris inspired a set of lectures delivered in Boston and subsequently the ideas leading to the publication of Nature.,nature,To go into solitude,a man need
5、s to retire as much from his chamber as form society.人不仅要远离社会，还要远离书房，方可进入孤独的境界。But if a man would be alone,let him look at the stars.凝望群星吧，它会让你体验到什么是孤独。The stars awaken a certain reverence,because though always present,they are always inaccessible;but all natural objects make a kindred impression,wh
6、en the mind is open to their influence.Nature never wears a mean appearance.繁星虽然每晚都会出现，人类却无法接近，也因而对其心生敬畏之情。当你放开心灵却感受万物时，你会发现一切自然之物都像星辰那样，令人产生类似的感觉。大自然从不平凡。In the presence of nature,a wild delight runs though the man,in spite of real sorrows.Yet the power to produce this delight does not reside in na
7、ture,but in man,or in a harmony of both.,Eight parts,The world is made up of commodity,beauty,language and discipline.A man is fed,not that he may be fed,but that he may work.Thus is art a nature passed though the alembic of man.thus in art does nature work through the will of a man filled with the
8、beauty of her first works.the word thus exits to the soul to satisfy the desire of beauty（an ultimate end.）At first,Language appears in the form of poem to express spirit by nature.The perceptual knowledge（感性认识）of the world combines Reasoning Ability into our thinking.-,our knowledge.Idealism nature
9、 is ideal to me so long as I cannot try the accuracy of my sense.Spirit(is through nature)prospects,History,Of the books of this mind histroy is the record,its genius is illustrated by the entire series of days.Man is explicable by nothing less than all his history.We are sorrounded by history,and h
10、uman mind wrote history,civil and natural history,the history of art and literature,must be explained from in dividual history or must remain words.There is nothing but is related to us,nothing that does not interest us.,What is the foundation of that interest all men feel in Greek history,letters a
11、rt and poetry?Because the manners of that period are plain and fierce,there are some personal qualities,courage,address,self-command,justice,strength swiftness,a loud voice.people can get experience and spritits from history.,Students must read history actively and not passively,to esteem his own li
12、fe the text and books the commentary.It is because that there is no age or state of society or mode of action in history to which there is not somewhat corresponding in his life.,Two facts,namely that,the mind is one and nature is its correlative.history is to be read and written.What connection do
13、the books show us fifty or sixty chemical and the historical eras?So,every history should be written in a wisdom which looked at facts as symbols.we are shamed to see what a shallow tale our so-called history is.,we must write our history deeper and broader from an ethical reformation,from an influx
14、 of the ever new,ever sanative conscience,if we would express our central and wide-related nature,instead of this old chronology of selfshness and pride to which have too long lent our eyes.,Self-reliance,Introduction,This section contains the most thorough statement of one of Emersons repeating the
15、mes,the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency,and follow his or her own instincts and ideas.It tells us how to be a true person and why we must be self-reliant.It also mentions two factors(obedience and consistency)that influenced self-reliance.Self-reliance gives people
16、 deep impressions and encourages them to be confident and independent.It is an expression of Transcendentalism.And it chiefly reflects confidence,independence and individual thoughts.Confidence is the core of this part.,Some sentences to help us understand this part and Emersons ideas.,Trust thyself
17、:every heart vibrates to that iron string.Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members.Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist.What I must do is all that concerns me,not what the people think.,A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds,adored b
18、y little statesmen and philosophers and divines.With consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do.It is easy to see that a greater self-reliance must work a revolution in all the offices and relations of men;in their religion;in their education;in their pursuits;their modes of living;their asso
19、ciation;in their property;in their speculative views.Travelling is a fools paradise.,Insist on yourself;never imitate.Society never advances.It recedes as fast on one side as it gains on the other.The civilized man has built a coach,but has lost the use of his feet.Society is a wave.The wave moves o
20、nward,but the water of which it is composed does not.And so the reliance on Property,including the reliance on governments which protect it,is the want of self-reliance.Nothing can bring you peace but yourself.Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles.,Combined with those three main
21、parts of the Nature,we may reasonably arrive at some understandings that the Transcendetalism praise the intuition as the forceful sword to fight against the rationism and the authority.In some degrees,the existence of each individual is the representative of the Gods will.People could acquire the t
22、ruth and knowledge through his of her valuable intuition rather than feeling.The nature should be the guide of our human,we could,take advantage of the nature to learn about the laws of the material world,the disciplines of mankinds spirits or moralities.We should emphasize the value of ourselves when we are related with the whole world,even when we are confusing about the real one of ourself.Only if we are capable of controlling ourself,can we control the times.If so,we may not only honored by ourself,but also remembered by others.,
