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1、Lecture 1,Was:Proofreading and Error CorrectionNow:Language Usage,Now:,Attention:,1.三改:增添 删除/改变其中的某一单词或短语2.三不改:不改两词 不改词序 不改拼写,Attention:,找对但改错了是不给分的要找对又要改对才能得分如果文章中未划出删除和增添记号，即使答案正确，仍不得分没有半分,这一部分要求考生掌握三种知识：1.语法知识 校对改错项目的一个测试点是检验高年级学生语法知识的掌握程度及其运用能力。要求学生运用已学过的语法知识，来判断句子的正误，找出语病，并作修正。例如：定语从句情态动词冠词介词反身
2、代词等等。,2.词汇与搭配 校对改错项目的另一测试点是学生对常用词汇/各类词性的词、搭配和用法的了解及运用。比如：外层空间应为outer space，而不是out space（1996年第 5题），做动作应为 perform an act，而不是 make an act（1997年第 8题），姿式应为posture，而不是post（1997年第10题），站起来应为 get to their feet，而不是get on their feet（1998年第 4题），等等。,3.篇章结构/修辞 这个项目尽管涉及以上两点,但它旨在测试在具体语境或上下文中使用语法或词汇的能力。在校对改错这个特定的考试
3、环境中，它所提供的具体语境或上下文是一篇250来字的短文。这篇短文由十来个在意义上相关联的句子构成；而需要修改的语病都出现在这些意义上相互关联的句中。要从篇章结构这个角度去判断句子的正误。也就是说，大家要跳出单句的框架，从语段（表达一相关层次意思的句子组合）的角度来进行判断。,三.改错答案统计分析,1.从错词词类上看，分布比较均匀，英语八大词类中均有涉及，具体来说：每年涉及至少5种词类的修改；动词每年都有，至少一个；形容词副词每年至少有一个；冠词代词每年至少有一个(01年除外)介词(搭配)每年至少一个2.从修改方法上看，每年10道改错题呈6，7-1，2-1，2的分值分布，即，修改单词6-7个，
4、增加单词1-2个，删除单词1-2个（2005年除外）,十大错误总会出现,错误1：介词冠词问题（错误，多余，遗漏）错误2：形容词与副词问题（混淆，级）错误3：时态语态语气问题（上下文时态不一，语态混淆，虚拟中动词用错）错误4：非谓语动词问题（尤其是V-ing与V-ed混淆）错误5：搭配错误（尤其是动词、名词短语搭配）,错误6：易混词与反义词问题（同形词，近义词误用，根据上下文用了反义词）错误7：一致问题（人称和数错误，代词替代错误，可数不可数的修饰词混淆）错误8：定语问题错误9：，衔接错误（句际之间的逻辑关系连接词）错误10：赘述省略平行问题,12个改错技巧:,1.从语篇的角度判断逻辑衔接词是否
5、有误2.分析句子结构，判断句子成分 There is no material in any language today or in the earliest records of ancient language shows us language in a new and emerging state.,3.结合上下文判断动词的时态The English language will be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow if the environments in which English was habitually
6、used made such distinctions important.,4 区分及物不及物动词whose languages are utterly different,serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference between these noises and language proper.,5 辨别动词或分词的主动与被动“empty”words as opposed to the“full”words of vocabulary.But this is a rather misled way of expressing the
7、 distinction.Although a,6 判读冠词是否错误 I was the child of three,but there was a gap of five years on the either side,and I barely say my father before I was eight.For this and other reasons I,7 判断介词搭配是否有误To the way in which these words should be arranged to convey a particular message;the English speake
8、r has in his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which,8 判断代词是否有误The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it may be something between twenty to seventy years.With the playground,9 判断词性是否误用The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation,
9、10 判断比较结构是否有误A rough and ready difference which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical words have“less meaning”,and in fact some grammarians have called them,11 排查名词、动词单复数问题,message;the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enables him to commun
10、icate his thoughts and feelings,in a variety of styles,to other English speakers.,12 判断词义表达是否正确And I barely say my father before I was eight.For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely,and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays.,四.解题步骤,1.通读:主旨结构，了解大意 同时改正明显错误2.细读:修改-常见错误类型；没有把握暂时不做3.重读:复查-如遇不会的，尽量从没有用过的错误角度考虑。,Practice,表示倍数的结构:,2.常考什么样的逻辑错误?,
