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1、Noun clauses as the subject,主语从句,句子,简单句,并列句,复合句,副词性从句,形容词性从句,名词性从句,定语从句,主语从句subject clause,宾语从句object clause,表语从句predicative clause,同位语从句appositive clause,比较状语从句地点状语从句时间状语从句让步状语从句条件状语从句目的状语从句方式状语从句结果状语从句原因状语从句,什么是主语,主语：句子说明的人或事物,一般位于_。,句首,I like English.The train left.,Jane is good at playing the pi
2、ano.To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.What he has said is true.,找出主语,(名词),（不定式）,（动名词）,(从句）,主语从句(Subject Clause),第一讲:主语从句的概念，什么是主语从句。在句子中充当主语的就是主语从句。英语名词从句成分的划分是根据句子在从句中的位置划分的，任何一个句子一旦位于某个成分的位置上，它就成了相应的.语从句,他通过了考试让老师很高兴。He passed the exam.It made the teacher happy.He passed the exam made
3、 the teacher happy.That he passed the exam made the teacher happy.,如何理解主语从句,他何时要来还不清楚。When will he come?It is not clear.When will he come is not clear.When he will come is not clear.,理解主语从句,That he will succeed is certain.Whether he will come makes no difference.What we need is more time.,怎样找出主语从句以及
4、主句和从句,Tip:先找谓语,结论；判断主语从句的方法；先找到谓语，谓语之前的句子就是主语从句。位置：通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。主语从句的结构：句子+谓语连接词所连接的句子是从句，从句和之后的谓语构成主句。,主语从句+谓语主语从句的句序：it（形主）+that（真主）,陈述句（用that引导）一般疑问句（用whether引导）特殊疑问句（用when,where,why,how,who,whom,what,which,whose等引导）,充当主语的句子,一般疑问句作主语,需要先将疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序，并在句首加上whether来引导，以保留原句的
5、疑问意义。Whether he will come to my party makes no difference to me.他来不来参加我的聚会对我来说无所谓。,特殊疑问句作主语,需要先将疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序。Why dinosaurs became extinct is still a mystery.Why did dinosaurs become extinct is still a mystery.恐龙为什么会灭绝目前还是个未解之谜。,【例句呈现】观察下列例句，指出其中所包含的主语从句及引导词:1.What is needed for a long trip is car
6、eful preparation.该句中主语从句是 _，引导词为 _。,What is needed for a,what,long trip,练一练,2.That Jay Zhou will come to my city excites everybody.该句中主语从句是 _ _，引导词为_。3.Whether we will travel abroad or not has not been decided.该句中主语从句是 _ _，引导词为_。,That Jay Zhou will,Whether we will,come to my city,that,travel abroad
7、or not,whether,4.Whoever knows the secret mustnt tell others.该句中主语从句是_ _，引导词为_。5.It remains a puzzle why dinosaurs died out suddenly long time ago.该句中主语从句是_，引导词为_。,Whoever knows the,whoever,why dinosaurs died,why,secret,out suddenly long time ago,主语从句在复合句中作句子的主语。引导主语从句的词有从属连词that,whether,if；连接代词who,
8、whoever,whom,what,whatever,whose,which；连接副词when,where,how,why等。,第二讲：主语从句的引导词及各类主语从句,一.that 引导1.that 引导的主语从句，不做成分，无意义，通常不能省略，在句中具有“两不”原则：一、不作句子成分；二、没有实际意义。当它引导的主语从句置于句首时，that不能省略；如果用it作形式主语，则把主语从句放在句末。若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首用了形式主语it，则that可以省略。It was a pity(that)you didnt go to the talkThat he will come
9、 is certain.,1.主语从句有时为了使句子结构平衡,避免“头重脚轻”,常用 it 作形式主语,而把从句放在后面。例如:,1.That he will refuse this piece of advice is impossible._ _2.That they should like each other is natural._,*it为形式主语,It is natural that they should like each other.,It is impossible that he will refuse this piece of advice.,这样就构成了下面一些常
10、用句型:1)It is/系动词+n.+从句 It is a pity/shame that.遗憾的是 It is a surprise that令人惊奇的是 It is a fact/a problem/a wonder/an honner/a surprise/no wonder难怪/good news/a good thing/a question/that 是事实 It is common knowledge that 是常识*_(很遗憾)we lost the match.*_(这是事实)he cheated in the exam.,It is a pity that,It is a
11、 fact that,2)It is/系动词+adj.+从句 常见的形容词是 Its certain that 肯定 It is possible that.很可能 It is（un）likely that.不可能 It is obvious that 很明显 It is necessary important naturalclear/right/strange/true/good/wonderful/quite/unusual/evident/worth-white/surprising/interesting/astonishing/doubtful/essential/.that这类主
12、语从句中，谓语动词很多为（should)+动词原形*_(很可能)she will come back tomorrow.*_(很明显)this measure is effective.,+(should)+do,It is possible that,It is obvious that,3)It+不及物动词+从句 It happened that.碰巧 It occurred to me that我突然想起*_(刚好)I came into the office at that time.*_(我突然想起)I forget to sent the letter.,It happened t
13、hat,It occurred to me that,4)It+be+过去分词+从句 这些动词有advised有人说/announced据宣布/consider据认为/decided作出决定/found out据查明/heard有人听说/hoped有人希望/ordered根据命令/pointed out有人指出/remembered有人记得/told据告知/thought有人认为/turned out结果/well known/estimated/expected/hoped/noted/required/demanded/made clear/discussed/It is said tha
14、t.据说 It is known to all that.众所周知 It is reported that.据报道 It is believed that.据信;人们相信 It is suggested that+(should）do.建议It must be admitted that必须承认 It cannot be denied that 不可否认 It must be pointed out that需指出的是*_(据报道)20 people were killed in the accident.*_(建议)we should eat more vegetable and do mo
15、re exercise.,It is reported that,It is suggested that,5）.it+特殊动词+that 从句常用于这种特殊结构的动词；seem,appear显得，happen碰巧/doesnt matter/make no difference/occured 主语从句不可提前。,.2.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况1）.if引导的主语从句不可距于复合句句首2）.It+be+过去分词+从句3）.It doesnt matter how/weather.结构中的主语从句不可提前。4）it+特殊动词+that 从句常用于这种特殊结构的动词；seem,appear
16、显得，happen碰巧/doesnt matter/make no difference/occured 主语从句不可提前。5）含主语从句的复合结构是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?,二.whether/if 引导的主语从句。从属连词whether,if 用法whether 用法，表疑问，是否，起连接作用。不做成分。,1.引导各种名词从句，除否定的宾语从句外2.用在动词不定式前。He seemed undecided whether to go or stay.3.用在介词后Frequently the q
17、uestion is raised as to whether translation is a science,an art,or a skill.,4.用在动词leave,put,discuss,doubt,wonder后。5.与or not(直接连用）是否，会不会。Please tell me whether or not you agree with him.6.与or no(直接连用）总之，无论如何，不论是否I dont know whether or no he is well.7.与no matter 连用，不论是否。No matter whether it rains or n
18、ot it doesnt concern me.8.引导让步状语从句,whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首，也可放在句尾。if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，前面要用it作形式主语。二者只起连接作用，在从句中不做成分。Its doubtful if/whether this painting is a Picasso.,【巩固练习】用whether或if填空。(1)It doesnt matter _ he will come or not.(2)_ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.(3)It was doubtful _ Tom
19、 really saw Sharon.(4)_ Tom really saw Sharon was doubtful.,whether/if,Whether,whether/if,Whether,三.wh-类连接代词引导的主语从句。连接代词引导主语从句时，在句中既起连接作用，又再从句中充当主语，宾语。表语或定语。What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water Who will take part in the meeting has not been decided.Whoever breaks the
20、law will be punished.Which student will win the first is uncertain.也是引导名词从句的易混点）,_ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.A.That B.Why C.What D.How,2._well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A If B Whether C That D Where,3._ is known to us all is that America is a developed coun
21、try_the First World.Which;belong to b.As,belonged to c.What;belonging to d.It;belonging to,4.Its known to us all _ a form of energy.A.water is B.that water is C.is water D.that water to 5.It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray.A.whether B.that C.what D.when6.What I say and think _ none of
22、your business.A.is B.are C.has D have,四.连接副词引导的主语从句。when/where/why/how.连接副词在句中起连接作用，还在从句中充当成分。Why he did it remains a mystery.When they will start is not known yet.How he became a great scientist is known to us all.,巧记主语从句,整句作主语，其后单谓语莫忘加连词，that不略但无义是否置前用whether,其他应用靠翻译主语从句可后置，只需形式主语it把它替,五.连接代词连接副词引
23、导主语从句的易混点,1.wh-与wh-ever引导主语从句的区别（也是引导名词从句的区别）wh-表示疑问含义，而wh-ever无论.强调一切情况。whatever=anythingthat;whoever=anyone who；whichever=any.that1)Whoever leaves the room ought to turn off the lights.(Whoever=Anyone who)无论谁最后离开教室都应该把灯关掉。2)It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants
24、.(whatever=anything that)人们普遍认为，孩子要什么就给什么是不明智的。3)Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can afford.到邮票销售点去，把能够买得起的邮票买下来。,2.如何判断是用wh-还是用wh-ever引导主语从句，或者名词从句做题时，我们要认真分析语境，看看句子要表达什么意思，如果表示任何一个人或事物，无范围可言，就用wh-ever;如果有疑问的含义，且指的是具体的人或物，就用wh-,_will come to help with my English hasnt been decided.A.No matte
25、r who B.Whoever C.Who D.Whatever,3.wh-ever 和no matter wh-的区别。wh-ever 既可引导主语从句（或名词从句),又可引导让步状语从句，no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从句，从句置于主句前后均可。No matter where you go,you will find Coca-Cola.不管你去哪里,都会有可口可乐Notice:no matter+wh-有时可用在句尾而没有动词跟在后面。如：Ill always help you,no matter what(happens).不管发生什么事，我都会始终如一地帮你。Wh-+ev
26、er 与no matter+wh-转换两者的意思相同，而且两者都可以引导让步状语从句，因此，引导让步状语从句时，两者可以相互转换。如：,1)Whatever(=No matter what)you say,I wont believe you.无论你说什么，我都不相信。2)Whoever(=No matter who)you are,you have no right to do that.不管你是谁，你都没权那样做。3)You can take it with you wherever(=no matter where)you go.无论你走到哪里，你都可以带着它。Notice:当wh-+e
27、ver 引导主语从句、宾语从句时，不可与no matter+wh-转换。,注意4：who,which,how,when,where,why在所引导的主语从句中可担任主语，宾语，状语，不能省略。可以用形式主语it引导。可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句whether they would support us was a problem5.对于关系代词型what引导的主语从句，通常直接将主语从句放在句首。what we need is money.6.如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构。How is it that you are late again?,Comp
28、lete the sentences using what,whether,where,when,who,why,how or that.,1.(_ is needed for success)is your hard work.,3.(_ we will go tomorrow)hasnt been decided yet.,2.(_ they will arrive)has been told to the teacher.,4.(_ can join in the sport meet)is decided by the teacher.,5.(_ it will rain or not
29、)is not clear.,7.(_ the earth is a solid ball)is known to us all.,What,When/How,Where/Whether,Who,Whether,That,6.(_ the earth is becoming warm)is a good topic for research.,Why,主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。,Conclusion:,翻译下列句子，比较what，whatever，whichever，whoever,whomever引导的从句的类别1.These wild flowers are so spec
30、ial that I would do whatever I can to save them.,这些野花如此不同寻常我要竭尽全力(做任何我能做的)来拯救它们。宾语从句。,第三讲名词性从句中连接词疑问词(ever)用法有哪些？,这些野花如此不同寻常我要做力所能及的事(做我能做的)来拯救它们。宾语从句。喜欢读什么书就读什么书。宾语从句。,2.These wild flowers are so special that I would do what I can to save them.3.Read what book you like.,无论他说什么，都别信。状语从句。我可以做我能找到的任何工
31、作。宾语从句。,4.Dont trust him,whatever he says.5.I can do whatever work I can find.,6.Whatever difficulties we meet,we can work them out.7.You should wear whichever dress suits you best.,无论遇到什么困难，我们都能解决它们。状语从句。什么衣服最适合你穿，你就应该穿什么。宾语从句。,8.There are so many jackets here.Choose whichever you like.9.Whoever do
32、es it,it should be well done.,这儿有如此多的夹克衫，喜欢哪件就选哪件吧。宾语从句。无论谁做这件事，都要做好它。状语从句。,10.Give the book to whoever needs it.11.Whomever you like,do make sure he is honest.,把这本书给任何一个需要它的人。宾语从句。,无论你喜欢谁，要保证他是诚实的。状语从句。,12.I always give whomever I invite a warm welcome.,我总是非常热情地欢迎我所邀请的任何人。宾语从句。,1.whatever 可以单独作引导词，
33、引导名词性从句或状语从句，也可与名词一起引导名词性从句或状语从句；2.what 可以单独作引导词，也可接名词一起引导名词性从句；3.whichever可以单独作引导词，也可接名词一起引导名词性从句或状语从句；4.whoever 引导名词性从句或状语从句；,10,5.whomever引导名词性从句或状语从句，此时它在从句中作宾语，可以用whoever代替；由此可见，what只能引导名词性从句，而whatever，whichever，whoever,whomever 既可以引导名词性从句又可以引导状语从句；whoever,whomever是纯粹引导词，直接引导从句，而what，whatever，w
34、hichever 可充当形容词后接名词，此时与后面的名词连用一起引导从句。,10,第四讲 主语从句需注意的问题1.主语从句中用陈述语序What she is afraid of is their taking her to Paris.(What is she afraid of Wrong)2.主语从句做主语时，句子谓语单复数问题（1）主语从句后谓语动词一般用第三人称单数；（2）what引导的从句作主语谓语一般用单数；若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数形式，则谓语动词常用复数。That they havent phoned is strange.what she said is wrong.wh
35、at we need are books.,Remember it,（3）.如果由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数；（4）.由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。,1）How and why he did the experiment are unknown to all.2）How he did the experiment and why he did the experiment is unknown to all.3）When he did the experiment has not been decided yet.,练一练判断下列句子是否正确
36、,is,are,3.that引导的主语从句中，that不可被省略That price will go up is certain.,第五讲what与that在引导主语从句时的区别：,观察下列例句，试着翻译例句并总结其规律。(1)What you lack is self-confidence.译为：_,你所缺乏的是自信。,(2)That more and more students are admitted into universities is true.译为：_ _(3)What is needed for the program is more wisdom.译为：_,这个项目所需要的
37、是更多的智慧。,越来越多的学生将被大学录取的消息是真实的。,从上面例句可以看出，that引导主语从句时，在句中具有“两不”原则：一、不作句子成分；二、没有实际意义。当它引导的主语从句置于句首时，that不能省略；如果用it作形式主语，则把主语从句放在句末。,而what引导的从句则恰恰相反，what在从句中的作用为：一、作句子成分；二、除了起到引导从句的作用外还 要承担具体的意义。,结论；what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that引导从句，不充当成分。What you said yesterday is right.你昨天说的是对的。(what引导主语从句，作sa
38、id的宾语)That English is important is an undoubted fact.英语很重要是一个不容置疑的事实。(that引导主语从句，不作任何成分，但不可省略),【巩固练习】用what或that填空。(1)_ he told us this morning was just a lie.(2)_ is important to us is enough time.(3)It worries my mom _ she is beginning to get a little fat.(4)_ we cant get seems better than _ we hav
39、e.,What,What,that,What,what,他们已经尽力帮助了她。what表示“的事情”(all)the things that。,what 在名词从句中用法。that 没有这种用法 翻译下列句子，指出what 从句具体指代的内容1.Theyve done what they can to help her.,他已经不是以前的那个样子了。what表示“的人或的样子”the man that。我们现在的收入是10年前的两倍。what表示“的数量或数目”the amount that。,2.He is no longer what he was.3.Our income is now
40、double what it was ten years ago.,似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。what表示“的时间”the time that。1492年哥伦布到达了现在称作美洲大陆的地方。what表示“的地方”the place that。,4.After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.5.In 1492,Columbus reached what is now called America.,what含义上相当于汉语的“所”字结构或“的”字结构，表达人或物(含时间，地点，数目等)，相当于定语从句中“先行词
41、关系代词”，所以其前不能有先行词。,第六讲 It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较,It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is J
42、ohn that broke the window.,你没去看这场电影太遗憾了。停电时刚好没人值班。,翻译下列句子，判断画线部分从句中哪些是主语从句，并简述理由1.It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.2.It happened hat nobody was on wattch when the electricity was cut off.,凶案是在拂晓时发生的。我们唤醒自我保护意识是很重要的。,3.It is at dawn that the murder took place.4.It is important that we s
43、hould arouse the awareness of selfprotection.,5.It occurred to me that he had informed me of the dos and donts in the examination.,我突然想起他已经告诉过我考试的注意事项。,主语从句与强调句型的区别1主语从句中的it可以用that从句代替，强调句型不可以。如：It is necessary that we should attend the meeting on time.That we should attend the meeting is necessary.
44、,2强调句型中It is/was和that之间的部分叫被强调部分，当把It is/was和that三个单词去掉时，被强调部分可以还原到句子适当位置，而在含有主语从句的句子中It is/was和that之间的部分叫表语，不可 置于其他位置。,第七讲主语从句中的虚拟语气,1）.用于It is important/natural/necessary/impossible that.句型中,主语从句应使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”的形式,should有时可以省略。2)在It+be+suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/requir
45、ed 中,that从句的谓语也应该用“should+动词原形”的形式,should有时可以省略。,I insisted that he（should）do it at once.She suggested that the work（should）be finished at once.The mayor ordered that the bridge(should)be repaired as soon as possbile.,注意：在suggest,insist,demand,order,require 等表示建议，命令，要求的动词后，从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。如：,1.It is n
46、ecessary that a college student _ at least a foreign language.A.masters B.should master C.mastered D.will master,2.His suggestion was that we_another meeting to discuss the question.A.hold B.would hold C.held D.holding,5.wish后，从句中的时态在原本的时态上退一步，即 wish that,did/were(跟现在相反),would+do(跟将来相反),had done(跟过去相反),I wish that I _that film star yesterday.A saw B.had seen C would see D has seen,would rather that,sb did sth sb had done,
