《英教词汇四种构成方式PPT.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英教词汇四种构成方式PPT.ppt（36页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、词汇四种构成方式,制作人：英教11301万红芝,Three forms of words,Blending(单词的混合）Clipping（缩略词）Acronymy（首字母缩合词）Back-formation,.Blending,Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus apart of another word.Words formed in this way are called blends orpormanteau word.,For example,flus
2、h is the combination of fl and ush.,Blending is a very productive process and many coinages resulting from blending have become well-established.Moreover,they even serve as models for new formations.Hamburger is a popular fast food originating from German seaport Hamburg.Later people mistook it as a
3、 combination of ham+burger and coined such words by analogy(类推）as beefburger,cheeseburger,shrimpburger.,Four major groups of blends,1.head+tail autocide from(automobile+suicide)motel from(motor+hotel)chunnel from(channel+tunneslurb from(slum+suburb),2.head+head,comsat from(communication+satellite)te
4、lex from(teleprinter+exchange)Amerind from(American+Indian)sitcom from(situation+comedy),3.head+word,medicare from(medical+care)Eurasia from(Europe+Asia)telequiz from(telephone+quiz)autocamp from(automobile+camp),4.word+tail,lunarnaut from(lunar+astronaut)bookmobile from(book+automobile)workfare fro
5、m(work+welfare)tourmobile from(tour+automobile),The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns;very fewer areverbs and adjectives are even fewer.The few verbs are:telecast from(television+broadcast)guestimate from(guess+estimate)breathalyse from(breath+analyse).,The limited use of blends,Blends are m
6、ostly used in writing related to science and technology,and to newspapers and magazines.Though many of them have already achieved currency in English,theyre still considered to be slang and informal.Dont use such words too often,particular in formal writing.,.Clapping,Another common way of making a
7、word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.This is called clipping.In modern times,people tend to be economical in writing and speech to keep up the tempo of the new life.,To save time,one is likely to clip words frequently used.,In school e.g.
8、economics econ gymnastics gym mathematics math trigonometry trig,In catering business,e.g.luncheon lunch hamburger burger coca cola coke in other aspects e.g.aeroplane plane earthquake quake,There are four common types of clipping,1.Front clipping earthquake quake helicopter copter telescope scope t
9、elephone phone,2.Back clipping,memorandum memo(备忘录）discotheque disco（迪斯科舞厅）stereophonic stereo（立体声的）dormitory dorm gentleman gent fanatic fan,3.Front and back clipping,influenza flu refrigerator fridge(注意变化形式）4.Phrase clipping public house pub popular music pop zoological zoo,Tip for some exchanges
10、of words,In some cases,clipping gives rise to alterations in spelling and pronunciationsas indicated by fridge,in which the letter d Is inserted between I and g to conform the English ways of spelling andpronunciation.Here are more examples.,e.g.bicycle bike microphone mike coca cola coke perambulat
11、or pram television telly This change in form and sound is possibly do to convenience and casualness in speech.,.Acronymy,Acronymy is the process of forming newwords By joining the initial letter of name ofsocial and Political organizations or specialnoun phrases and technical terms.Words formed in t
12、his way are called initialisms or acronymy,depending on the pronunciation of the words.,Initialisms,Initialisms are words pronounced letter by Letter.In case like A.D.,B.C.andC.O.D(cash on delivery),the letters areseparated by periods(句号）,but most of them have no periods between letters.,1.Letters r
13、epresent full words,VOA Voice of America BBC British Broadcasting Corporation UFO unidentified flying object c/o care of p.c.postcard,2.Letters represent constituents in a compound or just parts of a word,TV television ID identification or identity card TB tuberculosis GHQ General Headquaters（总指挥部）,
14、Acronyms,Acronyms are words formed from initialletters but pronounced as a normal word.e.g.radio detecting and ranging radar Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency WAVES More examples are as follows:,CORE Congress of Racial Equality,NATO the North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationAIDS acquired immune de
15、ficiency syndromeBASIC beginners all-purpose symbolic instruction code TEFL teaching English as a foreign language,Some acronyms are formed with the initial letter of the first word plus the whole of the second,N-bomb nuclear bomb D-notice Defence Notice G-man Government man D Day decimalization day
16、 V-Day Victory Day,Both initialisms and acronyms have become very popular since the Second World War and Thus extremely productive.This is justified by the number of such words collected in E.T.Growleys Acronyms and Initialisms Dictionary.The 1st edition which appeared in 1961 contains 12,000 entrie
17、s;the 2nd edition that came out in1965 lists 45,000 entries;the 3rd edition whichwas published in 1970 collects 80,000 entries,Almost twice the number of the second edition.,With the advance of time,some of the words may fall out of use whereas by far a greater number of words will be added.Acronymy
18、 will undoubtedly remain an important contributor tocontemporary English vocabulary.,Back-formation,Definition of back-formation Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.As we know,suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to the bases,and back-format
19、ion is therefore themethod of creating words by removing the,the supposed suffixes,This is because many of the removed suffixes are not truesuffixes but inseparable partsof the words.Back-formation usually involves the following types of words.,1.Abstract nouns,diagnose diagnosis donate donation ent
20、huse enthusiasm emote emotion,2.Human nouns,loaf loafer sculpt sculptor burgle burglar beg beggar,3.Compound nouns and others,eavesdrop eavesdropping merrymake merry-making babysit babysitter,4.adjectives,drowse drowsy laze lazy frivol frivolous,Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs,There are only a few that can be used as nouns or both nouns and verbs.e.g.gloomy(a)gloom(n)greedy(a)greed(n),Stylistically,back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gainedpublic acceptance.Therefore,they should beused with care.,That s all,谢谢观赏,
