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1、非谓语动词,1性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外的一切成分。,2形式,不定式 相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。动名词 相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。分词 相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语。,3语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。逻辑主语能发出该动作（发）逻辑主语不能发出该动作（收）不发不收用结构：动词不定式：用独立结构。动名词：用复合结构。分词：用独立主格结构,不定式,1不定式作主语：Warm up
2、 exercises:1)change the following into the infinitive 1._(die)for people is a glorious thing.2._(talk)with him is a great pleasure.3._(help)others is our duty.4._(see)is to believe.5._(sit)at the back of the classroom made the students surprised.2)change the sentences above into the ones using“it”as
3、 form subject.,3)A:如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由 for 引起的短语。It is easy for the students to read.It will be a mistake for us to help you.,B:下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个 of 引起的短语，这些形容词是：(表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质，特征，属性）kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,wrong,right,careless,rude,polite,naughty etc.Its
4、 kind of you to think so much of us.Its unwise of him to leave home at once.It s wrong of him to speak bad behind others.Its wrong of the south to break away from the Union.,2不定式作表语 1.Her work is _(look)after the children.2.My aim is _(go)to TsingHua University.3.She seemed _(think)about the problem
5、.4.They appeared _(agree)with what we said.不定式作be动词的表语时可以和主语部分调换，说明主语的内容。,3不定式作宾语：有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有：want,demand,hope,wish,expect;like,hate;start,begin;fail,help,offer,try,manage,pretend,forget,remember,promise,prepare,learn,agree,plan,determine,prefer,intend,etc.,1.They wanted _(get)on the bus,d
6、idnt they?2.He said he wished _(be)a professor.3.I agreed_(go)there with the doctor.4.My daughter preferred _(dance)when she was in her twenties.5.He had promised _(give)me a hand.,如作宾语的不定式有自己的补语，须用先行词 it作 form object，而将真正的宾语不定式后置。think,find,feel,consider,make He found it important to study Russian.
7、The computer makes it possible to calculate faster.,不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如：but,except等后才行，此时不定式可带 to 或不带 to。He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.We have no choice but to wait outside.They could do nothing but ask for help.,4.不定式作宾语补足语 A)1.I didnt want my parents _(help)me.2.Wed prefer you
8、_(take)the job instead of Zhang.3.The school required/ordered all the classroom _(clean).4.My parents expect me _(go)to an ideal university.5.Joan promised the dinner _(cook)before we returned.6.The doctor advised the patient _(take)two pills every four hours.7.He determined me_(tell)everything.,B)w
9、homflns sb do sth.watch,hear,observe,feel,listen(to),notice,see,make,let,have(使),etc.+sb.+动词原形+sth.+doneNotice:1.let+sth.+be done2.如果变成被动结构，就必须带to。,1.We cant let this _(go)on.2.I will not let my children _(treat)in that way.3.John made him _(tell)everything.4.The two boys were sorry indeed to see hi
10、m _(go).5.We felt the house _(shake)in the earthquake.6.Do you like listening to other people _(talk)?Have you ever heard him _(tell)a lie?7.Who would you like to have_(go)with?8.Who would you like to have _(play)the game?9.What song did you hear _(sing)?10.We saw the house _(burn)to the ground when
11、 we reached there.,5.不定式作定语 Change the following into infinitives.1.He was the first person that came to the classroom this morning.2.Do you have anything that you want to say?3.Here are some books that you can read.4.He thought out a plan _(punish)Tom.5.He is always the last _(come)to office.6.Plea
12、se give me a knife _(cut)with.作定语的不定式如是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,6.不定式作状语 状语的形式很多，有目的、结果、原因、条件、让步、比较、方式、伴随等，但目的、结果要用不定式。目的状语还可用 in order to 或so as to来表示结果状语还可用 soas to,suchas to,enough to,tooto,only to等结构来表示,A)Substitution:He got up early so that he could catch the first bus to the town.He got up early_ _
13、 _ catch the first bus.We must work hard at English in order that we can contact foreigners freely.We must work hard at English _ _ _ contact foreigners freely.He was so frightened that he could hardly say anything.He was_ frightened _say anything.He was _ brave _ _say anything.He was so young that
14、he could not go to school.He was _ young _ go to school.He was not _ _ _ go to school.,B)1._(save)the badly sick lady,the doctor had an operation on her.2.He hurried to the station only _(find)the train left.不定式在作表语/补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。This question is difficult _(answer).Do you think him easy_(w
15、ork)with?We find this rule hard _(remember).,不定式中作结果状语的注意点：1）某些形容词在“tooto”结构中表示肯定，这类词是：anxious,eager,glad,ready,surprised,willingShe was too surprised to see how angry her father was.2）在not,never,only,all,but的“tooto”结构中，“too”的含义为“very”，不定式没有否定含义。Im only too glad to stay at home.Its never too old to
16、learn.,不定式的时态与语态：1）一般式：不定式表示的动作常与谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。I saw him go out.I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.2）进行式：不定式表示的动作正在进行。Im very glad to be working with you.3）完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。Im sorry to have kept you waiting.The article is said to have been read by many people.,不定式作独立成分 To
17、 tell(you)the truth,he doesnt agree with you.To begin with,Beijing is a very beautiful city.,不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语，表语，宾语等。He didnt know what to say.How to solve the problem is important.My question is when to start.,动名词,动名词1动名词作主语A)1._(die)for people is a glorious t
18、hing.2._(talk)with him is a great pleasure.3._(help)others is our duty.4._(see)is believing.5._(sit)at the back of the classroom made the students surprised.,It作形式主语时，可用动词不定式，但下列句型常用动名词：It is+no good(no use,fun,a waste of time)+doingThere is no+doing.如：1.Its no use _(sit)here waiting.2.There is no _
19、(say)what will happen next.3.Is it any good _(tell)him the truth?4.It is great fun _(play)golf.,不定式与动名词的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：Its no good eating too much fat.Its not good for you to eat so much fat.,B)关于逻辑主语的问题 1._to the meeting surprised all of the boards.A.Mike coming B.Mike came C.M
20、ike comes D.Mikes coming 2.Its no use _ that you didnt know the rules.A.you pretend B.you pretending C.your pretending D.your pretend Change the following into the simple sentences.That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off.,2动名词作表语 1.Her work is _(look)after the children.2.My aim is _(go)t
21、o TsingHua University.3.One of my bad habits is _(bite)nails（指甲）.动名词作表语与主语是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。,3动名词作宾语mecafps+doing(mind,miss,excuse,enjoy,escape consider,admit(承认)，advise,appreciate=enjoy,avoid,finish,face,practise,suggest,stop,delay,imagine,include,keep,quit,resist,risk,understan
22、d,be used to,look forward to,object to,pay attention to,etc.以及介词后接动名词doing,1.He was in low spirits and even considered _(go)away.2.Practise _(put)your hand to the ground.3.I cant help _(have)the trip to Britain.4.Dont tell me you always escape _(fine)because you have a fast sports car.5.Leave off _(
23、bite)your nails!6.He didnt feel like _(work),so he suggested _(spend)the day in the garden.7.You certainly mustnt miss _(see)the wonderful film.,8.The doctor advised _(stay)longer in hospital.9.I couldnt imagine that _(be)possible.10.We appreciate your _(want)_(help)us in our difficulties.11.We cant
24、 stand _(pooh-pooh)every new idea.12.Michael has delayed _(write)to her till today.13.The law forbids _(sell)liquor to children.14.They all suggested _(give)more chances.15.Can you imagine _(leave)standing outside for a whole night.16.They built the banks to prevent the area from _(flood).17.Women d
25、o mind _(smoke)by men.,动名词与不定式的不同含义：1)be afraid to do 不敢、害怕、胆怯去 做某事 be afraid of doing 担心、恐怕出现 She was afraid _(wake)her husband up,for he had bad temper.She was afraid _(wake)her husband,for he was ill.,2)forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做）forget doing sth.忘记做过了某事（已做）The light in the office is off.It was s
26、he who turned it off,but she herself forgot _(turn)it off.The light in the office is still on.She forgot _(turn)it off.,3)remember to do sth.记着去做某事（未做）remember doing sth.记着做了某事（已做）Do you remember _(meet)me at a party last year?You must remember _(leave)tomorrow.,4)stop to do sth.stop doing sth.5)reg
27、ret to do sth.遗憾地说/告诉 regret doing sth.后悔做了 I regret _(go)to his home town.I regret _(tell)you the truth.,6)try to do sth.try doing sth.You must try _(do)it again.Lets try _(do)the work in some other way.,7)mean to do sth.mean doing sth.If it means _(delay)more than a week,Ill not wait.I mean _(go),
28、and nothing can stop me.8)go on to do sth.go on doing sth.,9)cant help doing sth.情不自禁，不禁 cant help(to)do sth.不能帮忙做 10）permit/allow/advise+doing sth.+sb.to do sth.11）start/begin/continue/like/love/hate+to do sth.+doing sth.,12）S.+want to do sth.S.+want sb.to do sth./want sth.to be doneS.+want+doing/t
29、o be done13）S.+need+to do sth.S.+need+doing/to be done14）S.+require sb.to do sth./require sth.to be doneS.+require+doing/to be done 15）S.+is worth+doing 动名词在句中是主动的形式，但含有被动的意思。,动名词复合结构的一般规则是：1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Toms(His)coming is what we have expected.She didnt mind
30、 Jack/Jacks(him/his)coming here.,2.逻辑主语是无生命的名词：只用名词普通格。Is there any hope of our team winning the match?3.逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词 this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone时，只有普通格。She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside.,动名词的时态和语态1）动名词的时态：一般式和完成式如G.的动作没明确表示出时间是与谓语同时发生或在谓语之前发生，用一般式。We are int
31、erested in _(play)chess.如G.的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用完成式。Im sorry for not _(keep)my promise.但在某些词后，常用一般式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。On hearing the bad news,she cried.Ill never forget seeing that film for the first time.,2）动名词的语态 doing being donehaving done having been doneHe was afraid of _(leave)at home.The h
32、ouse showed no sign of _(damage).但有些动名词在句中是主动形式，却有被动含义The house requires/needs/wants repairing.The book is worth reading.,分词,分 词 分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。一般式 完成式现在分词 doing having done(Ad.)being done(Att.)having been done过去分词 done,1.分词与动名词作表语时的区别：1.Our plan is _(finish)the task befo
33、re May.2.Toms job was _(guard)the factory.3.His lecture is _(interest),which made us _(interest).4.The situation is _(encourage).5.The library is _(close)now.6.If you are badly _(hurt),you shouldnt try to stand up.,1.The news is encouraging.（表主语的性质，特征）The glass is broken.(表主语所在的状态）2.The glass is bro
34、ken.The glass was broken by Tom.（被动语态）,2.现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别：分词与逻辑主语（即句子主语）关系来决定分词的语态，主语能发出分词的动作,用主动doing/having done，不能发出分词的动作,用被动 done/having been done。作状语时，可表示时间，原因，结果，条件，方式，伴随状况。分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后doing，用一般式，如发生在谓语动词之前，用完成式having done。,注1：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致，构成主动或被动的关系。注2：表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引
35、导。注3：有时，”with+名词（或代词宾格）+分词”的结构表示伴随状况。注4:当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词需有自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。（见后）,A)1._(see)those picture,he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan.2._(turn)round,Fanny found a bus driving up.3._(water)the vegetables,they began to pick up the apples.4._(finish)the work,he went back home on foo
36、t.5._(inspire)by Dr.Chens speech,they decided to study maths harder.6._(persuade)by my mother,she gladly went there alone.,7.Warmly _(praise)for his work,he was too excited to fall asleep.8._(arrive)at the station,we found the train gone.9._(send)the child to bed,she began to correct the pupils exer
37、cises.10._(surround),the enemy found nowhere to hide and had to give up.11.While _(cross)the street,look out for cars.,12.When _(walk)in the park,Mathilde met with her old friend.13.While_(criticize),she cried.14.She came earlier than _(expect).15.Everything goes well as _(plan).16.She still made th
38、e same mistakes though _(tell)several times.18._(give)more time,we are sure to do it better.,19.The doctor did everything he could _(save)the patient.20._(improve)his English,Wang Ling works much harder.21._(tell)you the truth,I dislike maths.,作目的、结果状语的区别：22.Li Ming works hard _(pass)the exams.23.Li
39、 Ming works hard _(try)to pass the exams.25.He returned home _(find)the house broken into.26.His father died,_(leave)him nothing but debts.,27.Football is played over a century,_(make)it popular.28.Bees suck honey into their stomachs,_(get)thicker and thicker.判断下列对或错：1.Seen from the hill,the city lo
40、oks more beautiful.2.Having had dinner,the dishes were washed.3.Leaving at home,the little girl felt much afraid.,将上列1-18句分词部分改成从句：B)伴随状语1.The boy lay in bed,_(listen)to music.2.Its a bad habit to talk to others,_(look)aside.3.The professor entered the room,_(follow)by his assistants.4.The visiting
41、Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talk,_(add)that he had enjoyed his stay here.5.The boy stood in front of the teacher,_(criticize).,独立主格结构（所谓独立主格结构，分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而是有自己的逻辑主语时，叫独立主格结构。）A)1.Today _(be)Sunday,the library doesnt open.2.There _(be)no buses,we had to walk home.,3.The signal _(g
42、ive),the bus started.4.Weather _(permit),well visit the Great Wall.5.A teacher from England _(teach)us English,were sure to learn it well.B)6.With him _(give)us a lead,our team is to win.7.With the worker _(lead),the Young Pioneers went through the forest and started towards the mountain village.,8.
43、Many people spoke aloud in front of our classroom,with nobody _(stop)them.9.He was looking at the screen again,with the machine _(turn)on.10.The girl felt uneasy with the whole class _(stare)at her.11.Now the patient could walk with the nurse _(support)him.,12.With the machinery _(do)all the work,we
44、 finished the task last month.13.She lay on the grass with her eyes _(close).14.You might catch a cold with your feet _(expose).,3.现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别：Whomflns+sb do(经常性动作)+sb doing sth.（正在进行）+sth done（被动）1.I used to see these boys _(play)on the playground.,2.I saw them _(play)the computer this after
45、noon.3.Have you _(heard)this song _(sing)before?4.She was surprised to find the house _(break)into when she went back home.5.Unfortunately,he got his wallet _(steal)on the bus.6.We are interested in hearing him _(tell)us the news.,7.He wont have us _(criticize)him.8.Its a bad habit to leave the work
46、 _(undo).9.Yesterday I caught him _(take)my dictionary when I went into the classroom.10.He found his hometown _.A.greatly changedB.had greatly changedC.greatly changing D.had greatly been changed,4.分词作定语(不定式作定语）：A)1.Do you know the man _(speak)at the meeting?2.Do you know the man _(praise)at the me
47、eting?3.The building _(put)up last year is our library.4.The building _(put)up now will be our new company.,5.The building _(put)up next year will be our new company.6.There was an old temple _(stand)at the top of the hill.7.There is a sports meeting _(hold)next Tuesday.8.There was an old man _(live
48、)in the village.,B)1.He was the first person _(come)to the classroom this morning.2.The only thing _(get)is the diamond necklace.3.Everything _(do)needs praising.4.Do you have anything_(say)?5.Here are some books for you _(read).,5.作定语时，单个分词放在前面，分词 短语放在后面。（注意语态）1.The _(surprise)news made us _(surpri
49、se).2.The _(interest)man,Chaplin,interested us all.3.The _(excite)football match attracted many football funs.4.There appeared a _(worry)look on his face.5.She tried to hide her _(dissatisfy)expression in public.6.The man _(stand)at the door is Tom.,注意：现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词表示的动作几乎同时发生。如两个动作有先有后，一般
50、不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。1.The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.2.Yesterday,mother told me an event which happened five years ago.a sleeping baby a sleeping car,使役性动词disappoint/excite/surprise/move/interest/puzzle(Vt.)+sb.1.The game _(interest)boys.The boys are _ the game.The game
