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1、The Twelfth Lesson:Adverbs its Phrases,第十二讲：副词和副词词组,副词，按词的构成，分为简单副词（Simple Adverb）和派生副词（Derivative Adverb）。绝大多数的副词都是派生词，即由形容词加后缀 ly 构成，如careful/carefully,angry/angrily,recent/recently,等。当然也有少数副词是由单词素构成，这些副词与形容词同形，如early,late,fast,hard 等。,副词，按其词汇意义，又可分为方式副词（Adverb of Manner）,如 angrily,rudely,politely
2、,warmly,slowly 等;程度副词（Adverb of Degree）,如almost,awfully,hardly,considerably,much,scarcely,completely,(a)little 等；时间副词（Adverb of Time）,如 already,before,late,finally,immediately,recently,yesterday,today,shortly,soon等;频度副词（Adverb of Frequency）,如constantly,frequently,hardly ever,never,rarely,seldom,scar
3、cely ever,usually 等;地点副词(Adverb of Place),如 above,below,up,down,there,upstairs,anywhere,everywhere,等;连接副词（Conjunctive Adverb），如therefore，however，moreover，thus；解说副词（Explanatory Adverb），如as，namely等。,1.副词和副词词组的主要用法,2.兼有两种形式的副词,（1）副词在词组中作修饰语,副词能在动词词组、形容词词组、副词词组、介词词组等词组中修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、限定词，以及修饰整个名词词组。a）修饰
4、动词I entirely agree with her.I rather like him.She kind of hoped to be invited.I sort of thought you might say that.这里的entirely，rather，kind of，sort of都是一些程度副词，对随后的动词起强调、强化、弱化等修饰作用。它们是动词词组的组成部分，从而不同于状语（Adverbial）。副词在作形容词、副词、介词等修饰语时，也都是词组成分，而不是分句成分（Clause Element）。,b）修饰形容词,He had an unusually deep voic
5、e（深沉有力的嗓音）.Two men were in the street,one of whom seemed slightly familiar.I was that hungry I could have eaten a horse.,c）修饰副词,He drives extremely carefully.Do it right now.副词的上述用法都作前置修饰语，只有enough例外，作后置修饰语：She cooks well enough.He didnt run fast enough.,d）修饰介词和连词,少数几个副词（如well，right，just，soon等）也可用于修
6、饰介词：I cant reach it;its well（远远地）over my head.Theres the house,right in front of you.His parents are dead（完全地）against the trip.,e）修饰限定词,某些程度副词可作前置修饰语修饰限定词。例如：We walked about 5 miles.There were quite a lot of people at Louiss party.They recovered roughly（大约）half their equipment.I didnt have more than
7、 a dollar on me.,类似的用法还有exactly the same，much the same等。例如：This machine is exactly the same in design as the other one.They did it in much the same way.,f）修饰名词和整个名词词组,在非正式语体中，少数几个（如quite，rather等）程度副词能作前置修饰语，置于限定词之前修饰整个名词词组。例如：It takes quite some time.Thats quite a story.Shes rather a fool.,还有一些地点副词和
8、时间副词能作后置修饰语修饰名词，例如the way ahead，the direction back，the hall downstairs，his trip abroad，his journey home，the sentence below，that man there，the meeting yesterday，the meal afterwards，the day before等。,也有些副词，包括上述某些副词，也能作前置修饰语修饰名词。例如：the downstairs part of the housethe above sentencehis home journeyin aft
9、er years（在后来的年月里）,（2）副词词组在句中作状语,用作状语的副词词组在句中起三种作用：一是作修饰性状语（Adjunct）；二是作评注性状语（Disjunct）；三是作连接性状语（Conjunct）。副词词组作修饰性状语，表示动作、过程、状态等发生和存在的时间、地点、方式等。副词词组在用作修饰性状语时，它在句中的位置时比较灵活的，它可以位于句首、句中或句尾，但这也要从词汇意义上看中心词属于何种副词。一般来说，时间副词词组根据修饰需要置于句首、句中、句尾都可以。例如：Recently they had an accident.They recently had an accident
10、.They had an accident recently.,方式副词词组置于句尾者居多。例如：They live frugally（节俭地）.He always drives carefully.但有时由于修辞需要也可置于句首。例如：Quietly she walked on and on.Noiselessly she crept across the floor,got the door open without a sound,and was outside.,地点副词词组位于句尾者居多：The captain told the sailors to go below.I read
11、to the bottom of the page and decided to stop there.I couldnt find it though Id looked everywhere.关于副词词组作评注性状语和连接性状语将在以后介绍。在这里举几个例子：Frankly,（坦白地说）I can do nothing about it.Briefly（简而言之）,she didnt want to speak to him.Do it now.Otherwise it will be too late.Tom hasnt arrived yet.He may,however,come l
12、ater.在上述前两个例子中，frankly和briefly是评注性状语；在后两个例子中，otherwise和however是连接性状语。,有些副词有两种形式，一是与形容词同形，二是由该形容词加-ly构成。这两种不同的形式，有些含义相同，有些略有不同，有些完全相同。,（1）关于clean/cleanly,副词clean作“径直地，完全地”解：The bullet went clean through（整个儿地穿过）his arm.I clean forgot（完全忘掉）about it.副词cleanly常作“干净利落地”解：This knife doesnt cut cleanly（切起来不
13、利落）.作“清洁地”解，读作kli:nli，较少使用。,（2）关于clear/clearly,副词clear作“完全地、径直地”解：You can see clear（一直望到）to the mountains today.The prisoner got clear away（逃得无影无踪）.clear这一用法与clean相同；有时可以交替使用。clear还能作“隔开，不接触”解。例如：Stand clear of the gate（离开门）!You should keep clear of the fellow（不要与那家伙来往）.作其他解释时则用clearly，不用clear。例如：Ca
14、n you see clearly（清楚地）from here?He is clearly（显然）wrong.,但在下列结构中用clear或clearly均可：The moon shone clear(ly)（明亮地）.He spoke loud(ly)and clear(ly)（清晰地）.Cleanly也能用作形容词，作“爱清洁的”解，读作klenli。例如：Cats are among the cleanliest animals there are.,（3）关于close/closely,副词close作“近”解：He lives close to the school.He was f
15、ollowing close behind.close to用于数字前作almost解，例如close to 90 years ago作其他解释时用closely：Watch what I do closely.（细心地）The prisoners were closely（严密地）guarded.,（4）关于dead/deadly,副词dead作“突然地、完全地”解：She stopped dead.在非正式语体中作“完全地、直接地”解；He was dead tired.（极为疲倦）The wind was dead against us.（正对着我们）deadly作“死一般地”或“非常”
16、解，例如deadly pale（死人似的苍白），deadly serious（极端严重），deadly dull（极为枯燥无味）等。deadly也能作形容词，作“死一般的，极度的，致命的，不共戴天的”等解；例如：deadly paleness，deadly seriousness，a deadly disease/weapon/enemy等。,（5）关于direct/directly,副词direct作“直线地，不绕圈子地”解：The train goes there direct.The next flight doesnt go direct to Rome（不直飞罗马）;it goes
17、by way of Paris（绕道巴黎）.作“直接地”（即“间接地”的反义词）解时用directly：He was looking directly at me.She answered me very directly and openly.directly也可作“立即”或“马上”解：Lets meet directly after lunch.Ill be there directly.,（6）关于easy/easily,easy只能在某些固定搭配中作副词：Take it easy.（慢慢来，别急。）Go easy.（别急。）Easy come,easy go.（来得容易花得快。）Eas
18、ier said than done.（说起来容易做起来难。）Stand easy!（稍息！）除此之外，用easily。例如：I can easily finish it today.He is not easily（容易）satisfied.That may easily be the case.（情况很可能就是那样。）It is easily（无疑）his best hotel.,（7）关于fair/fairly,fair在下列搭配中用作副词：You must play fair.（光明磊落）I hit him fair on the nose.（不偏不歪正打在鼻子上）Hed dealt
19、fair and square（公平地）with me.在其他搭配中用fairly：He told the facts fairly.He was fairly beside himself with joy.（欣喜若狂）也可作quite，rather moderately（适度地，不过分地）等解，修饰其他形容词或副词，例如fairly well，fairly soon，fairly good，fairly certain等。fair/fairly有时也能交替使用。例如：Being a sportsman can mean playing fair/fairly.,（8）关于firm/firm
20、ly,firm在以下的搭配中用作副词：Stand firm.（站稳。）Always hold firm（固守）to your beliefs.在其他场合用firmly。例如：I firmly believe（坚信）that.Fix the post firmly（坚固地）in the ground,（9）关于high/highly,high用作副词见于下列搭配：aim high（力争上游），hold ones head high（骄傲），play high（大赌），search high and low（到处搜寻），run high（浪大，激动），fly high（有雄心）等。highly通常
21、指抽象的“高”。例如：He spoke highly of（赞扬）her.highly（很，极，高价地）也用于修饰形容词。例如：highly pleased，highly skilled，highly interesting，highly enjoyable，highly paid等。,（10）关于pretty/prettily,副词pretty作“相当地，适当地，非常”等解，修饰形容词或副词：Shes pretty good.She dances pretty well.也用于pretty much(=very nearly,very much)，pretty ready(=almost r
22、eady)，pretty well(=very nearly,almost)等搭配中：A:Hows the sick man today?B:Pretty much（差不多）as he was yesterday.,Its pretty well（几乎）impossible to travel over these mountains in winter.prettily作“有一种漂亮或悦人的态度”解：Mary dresses prettily.She speaks prettily.注意：美国口语中相应于pretty这类强势用法的还有terrible，dreadful，real，awful等
23、，如terrible bad，dreadful sorry，real happy，awful sleepy。,（11）关于right/rightly,副词right能作多种解释，用以修饰副词、介词，或在句中作状语等：Hes right here.（就在这里）Go right home（直接回家）at once!I havent read the book right through.（完全地）Nothing seems to go right with me.（一切对我都不顺利。）也用于诸如all right，right and left，Eyes right（向右看齐），Right you
24、are（Yes,I will;I agree）等结构。rightly通常置于动词之前。试比较：He rightly guessed thatHe guessed right.（猜得对）If I remember right（如果我没有记错的话）If Im rightly informed,（12）关于sharp/sharply,副词sharp常用于钟点后表示“准时”：We arrived at ten oclock sharp.也用于诸如turn sharp right/left（向右左急转），look sharp（赶快，留神，注意），sing sharp（用升半音唱）等结构。sharp与sh
25、arply均能作“急剧地，突然地”解：At the crossroads,we turned sharp to the left.The road turns very sharply.,Exercise12.2,Choose the correct word to fill in the blank in each sentence:,1.Sorry I didnt turn up I forgot.(clean,cleanly)2.I cant see without my glasses.(clear,clearly)3.Shes related to the Duke of Halif
26、ax.(close,closely)4.Lets meet after lunch;then Ill take you to your room.(direct,directly)5.You can speak in front of George he knows everything.(free,freely)6.Ive got any clean clothes left.(hard,hardly)7.I recommend it.(high,highly)8.Which part of the concert did you like?(most,mostly),clean,clear
27、ly,closely,directly,direct,freely,hardly,highly,mostly,9.I havent been to the theatre much.(late,lately)10.Mary dances very.(pretty,prettily)11.I assumed that Henry wasnt coming.(right,rightly)12.He has traveled.(wide,widely)13.I cant read this.Its dull.(dead,deadly)14.Yes,but go with it.Its an antique.(easy,easily)15.Hes dealt and square with me.(fair,fairly)16.I believe that.(firm,firmly),lately,prettily,rightly,widely,deadly,easy,fair,firmly,
