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1、高中英语语法专讲,副词及副词词组 Adverb and Adverb Phrase,副词 的主要内容,副词的分类及位置副词的构成副词在句中的作用,副词的分类,一、时间副词1.“什么时候”的副词(when提问)now,then,soon,ago,recently（最近）,lately,later,finally,before,early,today，tomorrow,yesterday,tonight,immediately（立刻）,already,just,right away,since,at once.2.“经常与否”的频度副词(how often 提问)Always,often,usua
2、lly,frequently（频繁地）,continually（不断地）,sometimes,occasionally（偶尔）,seldom（很少）,hardly ever,never,3.时间副词在句中的位置(1)表确定时间的副词通常位于句末，有时也位于句首：He went home yesterday.Yesterday he went home.（2）而那些表示非确定时间的副词(如 soon,recently,suddenly等)除可用于句末或句首外，还可位于句中(通常位于实意动词之前，动词be、助动词、情态动词之后)：He went to Paris recently.He recen
3、tly went to Paris.Recently he went to Paris.,(3)still,already,just 等几个表示时间的副词通常位于句中(实意动词之前，动词be、助动词、情态动词之后)：Hes just left for school.他刚刚去学校。I have already finished my work.我已经做完了工作。当要表示强调时，still和already也可位于动词be、助动词等之前：She was still still was beautiful at the age of forty.她到了40岁仍然很美。I already have to
4、ld him about it.我已经把情况告诉他,1.Its eleven oclock _ and Im _sitting here and chatting with you.I havent prepared lunch for my son _.He will be back from school in half an hour.a.already,still,yet b.still,already,yet c.yet,still,already d.already,yet,still2.I really have no idea who you are.In spite of y
5、our explanation,I _ when and where we met before.A.still cannot remember B.cannot remember stillC.cannot still rememberD.can still not remember,二、地点副词,1.表示地点的副词Here,there,home,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere,abroad,elsewhere2.表示方位的副词Above,below,down,up,out,on,across,back,al
6、ong,over,around,away,near,inside3.地点副词在句中的位置地点副词在句中通常位于句末或句首，但从不位于主语和谓语之间。若有多个副词排列，地点副词通常位于方式副词之后，时间副词之前：Can you help to carry this table upstairs?你能帮忙把桌子搬到楼上去吗?The boy read quietly over there all afternoon.这男孩整个下午都在那儿静静地看书,三、方式副词,1.方式副词的特点方式副词表示动词的行为方式，一般用how 来提问。许多以-ly结构的副词都是方式副词carefully,happily,
7、quietly,heavily,warmly,correctly,politely,angrily,anxiously,badly,calmly,bravely,fluently,gratefully,suddenly,successfully,slowly,2.方式副词在句中的位置(1)方式副词通常位于动词(及其宾语)之后：He read the letter slowly.他从容不迫地看了那封信。方式副词通常不位于动词与宾语之间，除非动词后的宾语很长：不可说：We like very much it.(应改为We like it very much.)但可说：We could see ve
8、ry clearly a strange light ahead of us.注：若遇到“动词+介词+宾语”结构，方式副词既可位于“介词+宾语”之前，也可位于“介词+宾语”之后，但是若该结构的宾语较长，则方式副词通常位于“介词+宾语”之前：He looked at me curiously./He looked curiously at me.He looked curiously at everyone who got off the plane.,The plain clothes policemen _ who got off the plane.A.looked at suspicio
9、usly every passengerB.looked at suspiciously at every passengerC.suspiciously looked at every passengerD.looked at every passenger suspiciously,3.方式副词(主要是单个的方式副词)有时也可位于主语与动词之间：He quickly got dressed.他赶紧穿好衣服。He angrily tore up the letter.他很生气，把信撕碎了。4.有的方式副词(如bravely,cleverly,cruelly,foolishly,generou
10、sly,kindly,secretly,simply等)位于动词之前和位于句末会导致句子意思的变化：They secretly decided to leave the town.他们秘密决定离开这个城市。They decided to leave the town secretly.他们决定秘密地离开这个城市。He answered the questions foolishly.他对这个问题作了愚蠢的回答。He foolishly answered the questions.他愚蠢地回答了这个问题。,When we heard the bad news,we all looked _ a
11、t the master and felt quite _.A.sad,sad B.sadly,sadly C.sad,sadly D.sadly,sad,五、程度副词,1.程度副词的特点程度副词用于表示程度，常见的有 fairly,pretty,rather,quite,very,much,too,greatly,almost,nearly,half,highly,awfully,deeply,partly,perfectly,really 等。2.程度副词的用法注意点(1)程度副词主要用于修饰形容词和副词，有的还可修饰比较级(如much,rather 等)和最高级：Houses are m
12、uch more expensive these days.如今的房价贵多了。,【注】quite 有时也修饰比较级，但只用于quite better(身体康复)这一表达。(2)有的程度副词(如quite,rather,almost等)可修饰动词，但有的(如fairly,pretty,very等)则不能修饰动词：I quite agree with you.我完全同意你的意见。(不用fairly,pretty,very)We rather like the film.我们很喜欢这部电影。(不用fairly,pretty,very)(3)个别的程度副词(主要是quite和rather)还可修饰名词
13、(注意词序)：Its quite rather a good idea./Its a quite rather good idea.那可真是个好主意。若此结构中没有形容词，则 quite 和 rather 则只能放在冠词之前：It was quite rather a success.那事相当成功,1.Lots of visitors come to Nanjing because she is _ city.A.so a beautiful B.very a beautifulC.such beautiful D.quite a beautiful2.If it is the best th
14、ing to do,it cannot be done _ soon.A.too B.enough C.much D.ever,六、连接副词,1.用于连接句子或从句的连接副词（可以和并列连词搭配使用，所引导的分句并非从句）。（1）表示列举和顺序的副词：First(ly),second(ly),third(ly);next,then,finally,last,lastlyThis project wont work:for a start,its a bad idea,and secondly,Itll cost too muchThey talked about it for hours.Fi
15、nally,they decided to go.(2)表示递减和引申的副词：Also,besides,furthermore,moreover,then,in addition,above allThe house is not big enough for us,and furthermore,it is too far from town.They ate a seven-course meal;besides,they drank three bottles of wine,Jim went to answer the phone._,Harry started to prepare
16、lunch.a.However b.Nevertheless c.Besides d.Meanwhile,(3)表示结果的连接性副词：Consequently,hence,so,therefore,thus,as a resultIt rained heavily for three days on end.Consequently,all the land here was under the water.He didnt work hard.Therefore,he failed to pass the final exam.(4)表示意义转折和让步的副词:Instead,on the c
17、ontrary,anyhow,anyway,however,though,after all,He takes no interest in studies;instead,he plays tennis all day.We all tried our best;however,we lost the game./We all tried our best.However,we lost the game.,2.引导分句的连接副词（名词性从句、状语从句).When,why,where,howWhy he left so abruptly is not known to any of us.H
18、ow the book will sell depends on its author.Wherever he once lived is well preserved.Nobody can tell when she will arrive.She asked me where I was off to.I wondered how he could make such rapid progress in his study.Where there is a will,there is a way.Where he happens to be,John can make himself at
19、 home.,1.Its not clear _ this story took place.a.where and when b.when and where c.how and why d.why and how2.I have no idea _ he has been.which b.where c.when d.that3.Go and get your coat.Its _ you left it.a.there b.where c.there where d.where there,七、关系副词,1.关系副词的特点关系副词用于引出定语从句，主要有when,where,why：Su
20、nday is the day when very few people go to work.Thats the reason why he dislikes me.Do you know a shop where I can find sandals(凉鞋)?【注】关系副词用于引出定语从句，且在从句中用作状语。关系副词when 表示时间，where表示地点，why表示原因。2.使用关系副词的注意点(1)how 不能用作关系副词，不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于the way 后表示方式：他说话就是那个样子。误：This is the way how he spoke.正：This is
21、 how he spoke./This is the way(that,in which)he spoke.,(2)关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，但why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句，可用for which reason)。He didnt work hard,for which reason he didnt get the job.He will visit the small village where he used to work for five years.(3)引导定语从句时，when
22、的先行词为时间，where的先行词为地点，why的先行词为原因(主要是the reason)，但是先行词在从句中作主语、宾语时，只能用关系代词 that,which.Dont forget the time(that)Ive told you.This is the house(that)he bought recently.Please tell me the reason(that)you know.,The day _ we had looked forward to came at last.That b.when c.while d.as2.The day will come _ w
23、e have been looking forward to visiting the Great Wall.a.that b.when c.while d.as,八、疑问副词,1.疑问副词的特点疑问副词有when,where,why,how 等，用于引出特殊疑问句：Where do you come from?你是哪里人？When will it be ready?这什么时候能准备好？Why was she crying?她刚才为什么哭？2.两类易混句型的区别。请看以下两句：Where do you think he has gone?你认为他去什么地方了？Do you know when
24、he will come?你知道他什么时候来吗？上面第一句为特殊疑问句，第二句为一般疑问句,3.使用疑问副词的注意点(1)疑问副词引导特殊疑问句时，其后应接一般疑问句，但有时可有所省略：Why argue with him?为什么要与跟他争吵？Why not ask the teacher?/Why dont you ask the teacher?为什么不问问老师呢？【注】Why 或Why not后接动词原形，不接带to不定式，主要用于现在或将来，不用于过去，如不说 why not tell me yesterday?应改为Why didnt you tell me yesterday?(昨
25、天为什么不告诉我?)(2)有时两个疑问副词连用：When and where were you born?你生于何时何地？,九、句子副词,1.句子副词的特点句子副词用于修饰句子(而不是修饰某个单词)，反映说话人的观点和看法.actually,certainly,clearly,definitely,evidently,fortunately,frankly,honestly,luckily,obviously,perhaps,possibly,probably,surely,undoubtedly,unexpectedly 等Honestly,I think your are mistaken
26、.Naturally,the pupils were behaving well while the teacher was with them.Luckily,she was in when I called.Unfortunately,we never found out the truth.Probably,they are at home.,2.句子副词在句中的位置句子副词通常位于句首(或分句句首)：Obviously he cant tell the difference between them.显然他无法区别两者的不同。I arrived late but luckily the
27、 meeting had been delayed.我迟到了，幸而会议推迟了。但有些句子副词也可以出现在句中：有的句子副词也可用作其他种类的副词，不过这往往会导致位置和语义的变化：Clearly he didnt say so.显然他没有这样说。(句子副词)He didnt say so clearly.他说得没有那么清楚。(方式副词)Frankly,you are wrong.说实在的，你错了。(句子副词)He spoke frankly about his past life.他坦率地谈了他过去的生活。(方式副词),副词的排列顺序,1.地点副词 时间副词方式副词-时间副词方式副词-地点副词
28、-时间副词She sang beautifully in the hall last night.2.run,go,drive+地点副词-方式副词-时间副词He drove to the bank hurriedly after lunch,1.副词在句中作修饰语（1）修饰动词They completely ignored my views.I entirely agree with her.I rather like him.(2)修饰形容词That was a very funny film.He had an unusually deep voice.Two men were in th
29、e street,one of whom seemed slightly familiar.(3)修饰 副词Shes a clever girl,and has learnt the new work very quickly.He drives extremely carefully.(4)修饰介词和连词（well,right,just）I cant reach it;its well(远远地)over my head.Theres the house,right in front of you.,2.副词在句中作状语（修饰性状语）表示动作、过程、状态等发生和存在的时间、地点、方式等。Rec
30、ently they had an accident.They recently had an accident.They had an accident recently.He always drives carefully.We all listened patiently.The captain told the sailors to go below.I read to the bottom of the page and decided to stop there.,英语副词的句法功能,3.用作表语(地点副词和与介词同形的副词)，只能用于连系动词be 后.The meeting is
31、 over.Is anyone upstairs?Is the radio on or off?He is here.He is abroad.He seems here（错）He seems abroad.(错),3.用作宾语Its hot in here.这里面很热。Its not far from here.从这儿去不远。Ill stay at home tonight.今晚我将呆在家里。【注】副词用作宾语的用法十分有限，通常只用作介词宾语，并且只限于某些表示时间和地点的副词，而且不同的副词有不同的搭配特点，如 here和there 可与along,around,down,from,in
32、,near,round,up 等介词连用，但通常不与介词to连用，如不说come to here,go to there 等(注：from here to there是例外)，而表地点的副词abroad 则只与介词from连用，不与其他介词连用。,4.用作宾语补足语(通常是地点副词和与介词同形的副词)Ask him in,please.请叫他进来。We must try to help him through.我们必须设法帮他渡过难关。Sorry to have kept you up so late.对不起，让你这么晚不能睡觉。【注】一般说来，能用作表语的副词都可用作宾语补足语：He wen
33、t to see her but found that she was out.他去看她，但发现她不在家。He went to see her but found her out.他去看她，但发现她不在家。,5.用作定语（后置定语）The people there were very friendly.那儿的人很友好。Do you know the people downstairs?你认识楼下的人吗？The shops around are very cheap.附近商店的东西很便宜。,fairly,quite,rather,very,pretty的语法区别,(1)这几个词都可表示程度，但语
34、气的轻重不同，大致可描述如下(后面的词比前面的语气强)：(not)fairly quite rather/pretty very(2)fairly 多用于褒义，rather 多用于贬义形容词(3)这几个词中，只有 rather 可以与比较级和副词 too(太)连用：Its rather warmer today.This one is rather too large.The dress was rather too small for her.（4）fairly 和very 只能修饰形容词和副词，不能修饰动词。(5)修饰不可分级的形容词(如right,wrong,ready,full,emp
35、ty,perfect,impossible,alone,unique等)通常只用quite，此时quite并不表示“相当”或“很”，而表示“完全”：Youre quite right(wrong).你完全正确(错了)。Thats quite impossible.那完全不可能。The dress of the natives is quite unique.土著人的衣服很独特,very,much 与 very much的用法区别,三者均可表示“很”、“非常”，区别如下：1.very 主要修饰形容词或副词。如：The dictionary is very useful.He drove very
36、 fast.注：修饰副词 too，要用 much。It is much too expensive.2.much 主要修饰动词.通常只用于否定句或疑问句,除非其前有 very,too,so 等之类的修饰语She doesnt like him much.Does she much like him?/Does she like him much?误：He likes the film much 正：He likes the film very much.单个的 much(即没有修饰语)有时也可能在肯定句修饰动词，但这只限于 regret,admire,prefer,appreciate 等少数
37、动词，且此时的 much 应置于句中，而不是句末。如：We much appreciate your invitation.我们非常感激你的邀请。注：very 有时也可修饰最高级(注意在句中的位置)。This is the very lowest price.这是最低最低的价格3.very much 是 much 的强调说法，从理论上说，可用 much 的地方，原则上也可 very much。,Also,Too,Either,As well 的用法区别,Also和Too用于肯定句，either 用于否定句；also 放在实义动词前，BE动词、助动词之后，too常置于句末；as well 与to
38、o 可互换。He likes English.His twin brother also likes English.His twin brother likes English,too.His twin brother likes English as well.He doesnt like English.His twin brother doesnt like English either.,Just 与just now 的用法区别,Just“刚才”，常用于现在完成时；just now“刚才，不久以前”，常用于一般过去式。What did you do just now?I have j
39、ust finished my English homework.,Much too 与too much,Much too 修饰形容词、副词；too much 修饰不可数名词，也可单独作主语、宾语或表语.This vase is much too expensive.Too much homework is not helpful to childrens health.Is two thousand dollars enough for you to buy this computer?-I think its too much.,1.The price of the machine is
40、_.A.much high B.much too highC.somewhat higherD.too higher 2.Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _ to carry all the way home.A.much too heavy B.too much heavyC.heavy too much D.too heavy much,Already,yet 与still,Already“已经”，用于肯定句；yet“已经”用于否定句或疑问句；still“还，仍然”一般用于肯定句或疑问句.John,have you finished
41、 that report yet?John hasnt finished that report yet and I asked him for it three days ago.约翰还没有写完报告，可我三天前就要他交了。Its only 11 oclock and they have already had lunch.Are they building a new hotel here?-There are too many hotels already.他们要在这儿建一个新饭店吗？这儿的饭店已经够多了 My neighbor hit my car last week and he st
42、ill hasnt apologized 我的邻居上周撞了我的车，可他到现在还没有道歉呢。Hes still living with his mother.他仍与母亲住在一起。,Ago 与before,(1)ago 从现在向前回溯，即现在的过去，因此通常与一般过去时连用；而 before 则从过去向前回溯，即指过去的过去，因此通常与过去完成时连用(尤其用于宾语从句中)。I bought the computer two years ago.He said they had left five days before.(2)before 有时单独使用(即不连用具体时间)，泛指一般意义的“以前”，
43、此时可用于一般过去时，也可用于现在完成时。如：He didnt know that before.他以前不知道此事。I have been there before.我以前去过那儿。,兼有两种形式的副词用法区别,1.close与closelyclose意思是“近”；closely 意思是“仔细地 Watch him closely.He is sitting close to melate 与lately late意思是晚；lately 意思是最近“You have come too late.Have you been doing lately?3.deep与deeplydeep意思是深，表
44、示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，深深地“He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film.,4high与highlyhigh表示空间高度；highly表示程度(高度地)，相当于muchThe plane was flying high.I think highly of your opinion.5.wide与widely wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是广泛地，在许多地方“He opened the door wide.English is widely used
45、 in the world.6.free与freelyfree的意思是免费；freely 的意思是无限制地“You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.You may speak freely;say what you like.,7.Direct 与directlyDirect 表示“直线地，不绕圈子地”；表示“直接地”，间接的反义词；或表示“立刻、马上”。The dog ran towards me direct.She answered the question directly,-ly 副词的构成,1.一般情况直接在形容词后加
46、ly.Bad-badly slow-slowly dear-dearlyFinal-finally exact-exactly2.以y 结尾的词变y为i+ly.happy-happily angry-angrily busy-busily3.以le结尾的词，省去e再加y.Noble-nobly single-singly able-ably4.以ue结尾的词，去掉e再加ly.True-truly due-duly5.e结尾的词直接加ly.Complete-completely wide-widely wise-wiselyLone-lonely loose-loosely6.以-ic结尾的词，加ally.Economic-economically historic-historically tragic-tragically,
