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1、动词的时态,定义,时态是一种动词形式，表达某种时间内发生的事情。时态与时间有密切联系。英语中时间被划分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来。动词表现的形态可分为一般、进行、完成和完成进行四种。,按照以上所讲的四种时间和四种形态，英语拥有16种时态，分别是第一组：一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时和现在完成进行时；第二组：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去完成进行时；第三组：一般将来时，将来进行时，将来完成时，将来完成进行时；第四组：一般过去将来时，过去将来进行时，过去将来完成时和过去将来完成进行时。其中红色标记的这六种时态较少用。,一般现在时,1.表示一般真理、习惯性或重复性行为或状态，例如：T
2、he earth moves around the sun.She gets up early every day.2.表示状态或状况，例如：This coffee tastes good.I understand what you mean.My cat likes milk.,3.用语作家或作品言语，尤指say 和tell 之类的词，例如：Shakespeare says,“All the worlds a stage.”The poem expresses the poets love of nature.4.用于时间和条件状语从句中代替将来时，表示将来的动作，例如：We will no
3、t go outing if it rains tomorrow.,现在进行时,1.表示此刻此阶段正在进行的动作，例如：Im studying French this term.She is writing a letter now.She started a few minutes ago.说明：常用于现在进行时的时间状语和词组有now,for the time being,for the present等。,2.表示将来发生的动作，一般只适用于go,come,arrive,stay,leave,start等表示移动的动词，例如：I am going to read.He is coming
4、 to see you this evening.3.与always,constantly,forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,例如：You are always changing your mind.,一般现在时与现在进行时的用法区别,一般现在时表示“无时性”（timeless）、“事实性”（factual）、“一般性”（general）、“习俗性”（customary）、和“习惯性”（habitual）;现在进行时表示：“真实性”（true）、“临时性”（temporary）、“进行性”（progressive）和“明确性”（definite）.,现在完成时,1.
5、表示一个始于过去但现在已完成的动作或状态，例如：I have studied English for 15 years.I have finished my homework.说明：常用于现在完成时的时间状语或词组有just,so far,up to now,since等。,2.表示过去重复发生并且将来也可能重复的动作或状态，例如：We have eaten in that restaurant many times.Since I came to Guangzhou,I have lived in this room.,3.用于现在完成时的句型 1）It/This/That is the f
6、irst/second time.that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that Ive(ever)seen.This is the first time(that)Ive heard him sing.,现在完成进行时,表示始于过去的动作和状态一直延续到现在，这个动作或状态可能已经
7、结束，可能仍在进行，例如：I have been studying English for ten years.十年来我一直在学英语。We have been having fine weather for the past few days.过去几天天气一直很好。说明：动作是否终止或进行要视上下文而定。,Exercises,1.The sun _(rise)in the east and _(set)in the west.2.We _(not finish)the book so far.3.Most good medicines _(taste)bitter.4.I _(study)En
8、glish for five years.I think I need still continue to study it.5.You can make the tea now.The water _(boil).6.I _(do)nothing for the time being.,rises,sets,havent finished,tastes,have been studying,is boiling,am doing,7.At last youre here.She _for you for half an hour.You see how happy she is now.A.
9、waited B.has waited C.is waiting D.has been waiting8.She is tired of working as a secretary.She _of finding another job now.A.thinks B.is thinking C.will think D.has thought9.I _ to the hospital for three months.A.did not go B.havent been C.hadnt been D.would not go,D,B,B,10.When you _your supper,Il
10、l show you my books.A.finish B.will finish C.have finished D.will have finished11.Life _ all the time.A.changes B.has changed C.is changing D.will change12.-Do you know our town at all?-No,this is the first time I _ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming,A,C,B,13.What will he do when he _ school?
11、A.leaves B.has left C.will have left D.had left 14.Watch your language.You dont know what you _ about.A.talk B.are talking C.have been talking D.will talk15.Go out and get some fresh air!You _ here reading all morning.A.have sat B.will have been sitting C.are sitting D.have been sitting,A,B,D,key,1.
12、rises,sets 2.havent finished 3.tastes 4.have been studying 5.is boiling 6.am doing 7.D 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.C12.B 13.A 14.B 15.D,一般过去时,1.表示过去具体时间内发生的动作。例如：I studied French when I was at college.Chaucer lived in the Middle Ages.说明：常用于一般过去时的时间状语都是确切时间。例如：yesterday,last night,.ago,in 1949(1948.)和when 引起的从句等
13、。2.表示一系列的过去动作，侧重动作的前后顺序。例如：I got up this morning at seven oclock,dressed,ate breakfast,and went to work.,3.表示现在不真实的条件。例如：I wish I had a lot of money.If you had enough money,would you buy it?4.表示过去经常反复发生的动作。例如：When I was at Middle School,I often worked late till deep night.说明：过去时这种用法可参考情态动词would和 use
14、d to的用法。,5.在条件、时间状语从句中表示将来的动作，例如：He said he would let me know if he heard any news about her.比较：He said,“I will let you know if I hear any news about her.”(直接引语中的hear是一般现在时表示将来情况。),一般过去时与现在完成时的用法区别,这两种时态均表示过去的动作。现在完成时侧重过去动作与现在之间的延续这一概念。侧重过去动作对现在产生的结果和影响。例如：We have cleaned the classroom.我们已打扫了教室（结果是：
15、教室清洁。）一般过去时表示动作是过去某时发生的，不侧重与现在的关系。例如：The American Civil War broke out in 1861,.再比较两个句子：I have lost my grammar book.I lost my grammar book yesterday.(第一句暗示：书仍未找到，无法看书。第二句强调昨天丢了书，今天是否已找到，没侧重说明。）,过去进行时,1.表示过去一动作发生时另一动作也在发生。例如：He was driving when the accident occurred.While I was staying in Guangzhou,I
16、visited Zhongshan University.I was doing my homework at nine oclock yesterday evening.说明:when,while 及其他表明过去时间的词常用于此时态。,2.强调时间的延续性，表示过去两动作同时发生。例如：While I was hesitating,time was passing by.She did not care what people were saying about her.3.表示过去将来的动作，只限于go,come,start,stay,leave等词，例如：I wanted to know
17、s when he was leaving for London.He replied that he was coming at once.,过去进行时与一般过去时的用法区别,过去进行时表示过去某刻或某段时间正在进行的动作，侧重表现动作在进展过程中。一般过去时表示过去发生过某一动作这种单纯事实。比较下列句子：We built a new dormitory building last term.上学期我们盖了一栋新宿舍楼。（动作已终止，宿舍楼已经盖成。）We were building a new classroom building last term.上学期我们在盖一栋新教学楼。（上学期
18、我们一直在盖，但是否结束不得而知。）,过去完成时,1.表示过去一动作在另一动作前或某一时间前已经完成，例如：She thought she had locked the door.By the end of last month,we had learned five lessons.说明：在能明显表示前后时间的句子里，一般过去时可代替过去完成时，例如：After he finished the book,he returned it to the library.She left before I arrived.,2.表示一个过去不真实的条件，例如：If he had studied ha
19、rd last term,he would have passed the examination.I wish I had gone to the party last night.3.用于把直接引语里的一般过去时或现在完成时变成间接引语的过去完成时，例如：He said,“I have never heard of such a thing.”可以变成：He said he had never heard of such a thing.,过去完成进行时,表示始于过去的动作或状态一直持续到过去某个时间，例如：They had been playing football for five h
20、ours until it rained heavily.,Exercises:,When I was in China,I _(learn)to drink tea.2.He _(lose)a book yesterday.3.I wish I _(have)a million dollars.4.While he _(think)of how to escape,the policemen _(approach)his house.5.We _(leave)by the time he comes.6.By the end of 1993,I _(live)in Beijing for e
21、ight years.,learned,lost,had,was thinking,were approaching,will have left,had lived,7.If I _ a woman,I ll do all the housework.A.am B.was C.were D.would be 8.Id rather you _ call tomorrow evening.I shall be entertaining some guests.A.wont B.didnt C.shant D.will9.“When I got there,she had gone.”“So y
22、ou _her?”A.havent seen B.hadnt seen C.didnt see D.were not seeing,C,B,C,10.By the time the doctor arrived,she _.A.has already died B.was died C.had already died D.died11.When he got home,he found that his wife _ someone in a low voice.A.was phoning B.had phoned C.phoned D.has phoned12.I left as soon
23、 as the meeting _.A.had ended B.has ended C.would have ended D.should end,C,A,A,13.When he retired last year he _ our President for twenty years.A.was B.had been C.has been D.used to be 14.His examination results last term were better than I _.A.expected B.would expect C.should expect D.had expected
24、 15.In 1981,I _ in Beijing.A.have lived B.had lived C.lived D.have been living,B,D,C,key,1.learned 2.lost 3.had 4.was thinking,were approaching 5.will have left 6.had lived7.C 8.B 9.C 10.C 11.A 12.A 13.B 14.D 15.C,一般将来时,1.表示打算或期待做的将来动作，例如：He will write the letter soon.2.表示打算做或可能要发生的事，用“be going to”结
25、构，例如：We are going to visit Japan.Its going to snow.3.表示即将发生的动作，用“be about to”结构，例如：We are about to leave when he came.,4.表示安排好或计划好要做的动作，用“be to”结构，例如：They are to go to Shanghai tonight.We are to meet at the gate after supper.5.go,come,leave,start等词表示即将发生的动作时，用现在进行时即可，例如：They are leaving for New York
26、.,将来进行时,1.表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，例如：I will be having a class at 9 oclock tomorrow.I ll be waiting for you at noon.2.表示即将发生或按计划要发生的动作，例如：We shall be having a meeting on Thursday afternoon.CCTV will be presenting a series of wonderful programs on the eve of the National Day.,将来完成时,表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，例如：We will
27、 have left before the mail arrives.By the end of next month,we will have finished the task.,Exercises:,1.I _(attend)a meeting this time tomorrow.2.By the end of next month,these four universities _(become)one.3.He _(leave)for Shanghai tomorrow.4.Everything _(be)all right if you do as he tells you.,w
28、ill/shall be attending,will have become,will leave/is leaving/is to leave,will be,5.He says he knows someone who _ the job.A.shall do B.will have done C.will do D.shall have done6.Can you know what you _ at this time next year?A.are doing B.will do C.will be doing D.do 7.We must hurry,otherwise the
29、meeting _ when we get there.A.will begin B.is beginning C.will have begun D.will be begun,C,C,C,key,1.will/shall be attending 2.will have become3.will leave/is leaving/is to leave4.will be 5.C 6.C 7.C,时态的一致,时态的一致主要指主从句的时态一直关系。主句谓语动词的时态影响从句谓语动词的时态。时态一致关系是英语的一大特征，应十分注意。时态的一致关系有下列原则：1.主句谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从
30、句谓语动词可以按需而用，例如：She knows that John loves her.She knows that John will love her.,2.主句谓语动词是过去时态时，从句谓语动词因下列情况分别使用不同时态。（1）主句谓语动词动作与从句谓语动词动作同时发生，时态也相同，例如：She knew that John loved her.（2）从句谓语动词表示的动作先于主句谓语动词动作时，从句谓语动词用过去完成时态，例如：He said he had been there.,（3）从句谓语动词动作晚于主句谓语动词之后发生时，从句谓语动词要用过去将来时，例如：He said he
31、 would go to Tibet after graduation.,3.当从句谓语动词表示客观真理、习惯行为或永久状态时，从句谓语动词可使用一般现在时，例如：Columbus proved that the world is round.The teacher told his pupils that the moon turns around the earth.4.从句如果没有确切的过去时间状语、从句谓语动词动作尽管先于主语动词动作，仍用一般过去时，没必要用过去完成时，例如：The teacher told the students that the second world war broke out in 1939.,
