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1、Research Paper,Chapter 5,Outline,DefinitionGeneral stepsSections comprising a research paper,Definition,A research paper is a presentation of a researchers investigations on a selected topic backed up by the ideas or information of others in the field.,Steps to a research paper,Choosing the topic Sp
2、ecific topics make better papers than very broad or general ones.A broad topic:The Importance of Economics A specific topic:International Cooperation as Exemplified by the World Bank,It is aimed to tell other people your findings and claims on a selected topic.,Collecting information,Bibliographical
3、 information,When gathering second-hand information,jot down full bibliographical information(author,title,place of publication,publisher,date of publication,page numbers,URLs,creation or modification dates on Web pages,and your date of access)on your work sheet for later retrieval.,Evaluating mater
4、ials Analyze,synthesize,sort and digest theinformation collected.,Outlining the paper An outline helps you to think through your topic carefully and organize it logically before you start writing.,A Sample outline I.IntroductionII.Body A.Weight control 1.Aids self-control 2.Burns calories 3.Encourag
5、es a healthy diet 4.Suppresses appetite B.Psychological well-being 1.Aids sleep 2.Inhibits depression 3.Intensifies vitalityIII.Conclusion,Write a rough draft;Revise the draft as often as necessary;Edit the format of the text,citations,notes and bibliography according to the requirements of a journa
6、l you want to contribute this paper.,Writing the paper,Overview of a Research Paper,The front matterThe body The end matter,The front matter,Title:Research theme Authors name(s)Abstract:Conceptional description(the scope);Procedures and methodology;Main findings,conclusion and implications or sugges
7、tionskey words:Terms to generalize research concerns,The body,Introductionmethod results or findings discussion and conclusion,Introduction,The purpose and background of present studyThe scope and focus to develop the studyProblems,argumentation and hypothesis,Method,Theoretical framework or models
8、and research designExperimental apparatus and proceduresDescriptions of data treatment,Results or Findings,Figures(graphs,tables and diagrams)Generalization of the resultsComments or explanations of the results,Discussion and Conclusion,A brief review of original hypothesis and other researchers fin
9、dingsHighlights or further explanations of the findings of the present studyLimitations of the dstudySuggesting implications,The end matter,references and appendixes Following one of the two main types of reference formats:APA and MLA,Abstract Writing,An abstract describes the main content of a pape
10、r and appears at the very beginning of the paper.An abstract has to be interesting and informative.As electronic publication databases are the primary means of finding research papers in many subject areas today,abstracts have become increasingly important.So everything relevant to potential readers
11、 should be in the abstract.,Two types of abstract,Informative abstract extracts everything relevant from the paper,including the primary research objective or purpose,method employed in solving the problems,principal findings or results,and major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full p
12、aper.,Descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.But it does not capture the specific content of the paper,owing to which it is less common.,Structure of an informative abstract,BackgroundWhy do you want to do the research?Research
13、 question What question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper?MethodHow(what material,what method,and what procedures do you get answers to your research question?ResultsWhat is your answer to the question?ConclusionWhat implications does the answer imply?,Features of
14、 an abstract,ConciseObjectiveConsistent CompleteBrief,Useful expressions,To define the background and argument of the present studyAlthough(the research subject),(the related problem)is as yet undetermined.(The research subject);however,(the related problem)remains unsolved.,(Problems in certain res
15、earch area)are,yet(the present solution)has frequently been questioned,becauseWhile(the debate on certain research subject)seems to,(the present agreement)is still problematic.(Previous studies)have examined,(the related problem)is that,despite,This paper advances the view thatThe purpose/intention
16、of this paper is thatThe primary goal/aim of this paper is thatThe work/investigation presented in this paper focuses onThis research is designed to determine/measure/evaluateThe author intends/attempts to outline the framework of/obtain some knowledge of,To state the purpose of the present study,To
17、 present results,findings and conclusion,The results are as followsThe results of the experiment indicate/suggest that;it is also found thatThe analysis of the sample indicates thatThe data obtained seem to be very similar to those reported earlier byIt is concluded that;the results also imply the f
18、urther study into,These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion thatBased on/upon the outcome/findings of the research,As a result of the current experiments,we conclude thatThe author points out/recommends/concludes thatIn summing up it may be stated thatAll the preliminary r
19、esults throw light on the nature ofThese findings of the research have naturally led the author to the conclusion that,References,Embedding the own work in related literature is one of the essential parts of research paper writing.So there are citations of literatures in the text,which is called in-
20、text citation,as well as a list of references which have been cited in the text at the end of the paper,which is called“References”in APA style or“Works cited”in MLA style.,Structures of reference,The most widely used reference styles are APA(American Psychological Association)and MLA(Modern languag
21、e Association)styles.APA style is most frequently used in journal papers of Social and Natural Sciences while MLA style is used in many papers of Liberal Arts and Humanities.(http:/www.apa.org,http:/www.mla.org),APA style,In-text citation.Journals adopting APA style use the author-date method of in-
22、text citation:the surname of the author which does not include suffixes such as Jr.,and the year of publication are inserted in parentheses in the text at the appropriate point.For example:The result of graph grammars(Engelfriet,1997)is for NR,but the result of hypergraph grammars(Heyker,1992)is for
23、 HR.,In APA style,the section listing the different literatures which have been cited in the text is titled as“References”.Each entry of the reference list should generally follow the following basic format.,Reference list,For articles from periodicals:,Author,A.A.,Author,B.B.,&Author,C.C.(Year).Tit
24、le of article.Title of Periodical,volume number(issue number),pages.For example:Koehl,P.and Levitt M.(1999).A brighter future for protein structure prediction.Nature structural biology,6(2),108-112.,For books:,Author,A.A.(Year of publication).Title of work:Capital letter also for subtitle.Location:P
25、ublisher.For example:Jones,W.J.&Miller,R.P.(2002).Social Psychology.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.,For electronic sources:,Author,A.A.,&Author,B.B.(Date of publication).Title of article.Title of Online periodical,volume number(issue number if available).Retrieved monthday,year,from http:/Exam
26、ple Bernstein,M.(2002).10 tips on writing the living Web.A List Apart:For People Who Make Websites,149.Retrieved May 2,2006,from http:/,Note,Entries in References List are arranged in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author.One-author entries by the same author are arranged by the year
27、 of publication.,MLA style,In-text citation.Journals adopting APA style use the author-page method of in-text citation,whether in the form of direction,paraphrase or summery.For example:Classic novels are characterized by the“unique characters”(Petty 168).Petty extensively explored the role of chara
28、cters in the creative process of classic novels(168).,For articles in periodicals:,Last name,First name of the author(s).“Title of the Article.”Title of Journal Volume.Issue(Year):pages.(The title of the journal may also be in italics if not underlined.)For example Fox,Janna.”Technical Writing Skill
29、s.”Second Language Writing 3(1999):202-16.,Works Cited list.In MLA style,the section listing all the literatures which have been cited in the text of the paper is titled“Works Cited”.Each entry of the Works Cited list generally follows the following basic format.,For books:,Last name,First name of t
30、he author.Title of Book.Place of Publication:Publisher,Year of Publication.(The title of the book may also be in italics if not underlined.)For examplePalmer,John.Chaos:a New Theory.London:Penguin Books,1991.,For electronic sources:,Last name,First name of the author(s).“Title of the section you use
31、d.”Title of the entire source.Volume or issue number(year or date of publication):pages(if applicable).Date you accessed the source.For exampleLinery,E.Gardern,Paul,Georing,P.,et al.“Diagnosis of anorexia nervosa:a study on molecular mechanism.”British Journal of psychology serial online April 1998.
32、189(2):300-03.14 May 2002http:/biomed.niss.ac.uk,Acknowledgement,Generally,the last paragraph of the paper is the place to acknowledge people,organizations,and financing if the author finds it necessary.But some journals require the acknowledgement section be put as a footnote of the title on the fi
33、rst page of the paper.,In this section,the author expresses thanks as simply as possible for those persons who added substantially to the work,provided advice or technical assistance,or aided materially by providing equipment or financial support.,Sample Acknowledgement,AcknowledgementI am grateful for the assistance from Soren O.Haugaard during the data collection and for valuable comments on the manuscript by Johnny Kahlert,Preben Clausen,tony Fox,martin Green,Guamundur A.Guamundsson and one anonymous referee.,
