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1、Chapter fiveAllocation of forestry resource第五章林业资源配置,Section oneThe principle of forest resource allocation第一节林业资源配置的原理,1.General principle of resource allocation(资源配置的一般原理),基数效用理论,第一定律:边际效用递减第二定律:各种商品边际效用相等,总效用极大,序数效用理论:用无差异曲线和预算线确定,对最优配置的解释:旧福利经济学理论:任何一种生产资源在各种用途上的边际社会纯产值相等.新福利经济学理论:社会资源的配置如果达到这样一
2、种状态,即任何一种配置的改变,都会至少降低一个企业或一种产品的产量,则这种生产资源的配置就是帕累托最优状态或最有效率的状态.,2.1 The main type of forest resource allocation a.Forest resource allocation among different department:(部门配置)三大基本生产部门:department of forest management and forest resource exploitation(营林业与森林资源开发部门);department of forest product industry(林
3、产工业部门);department of forest environment resource exploitation(森林环境资源开发部门).另外还有基础建设系统、商业服务系统等派生部门.,2.The type and characteristic of forest resource allocation(森林资源配置的种类和特点),b.Forest resource allocation among different area(区域配置)原则是:扬长避短,让有限的林业资源产生最多的林产品 c.Forest resource allocation among different en
4、terprise(企业配置)原则:效率最高的企业得到最充分的林业资源供应.,2.2 The main principles of forestry resource allocation(林业资源配置的主要原则)a.Ensure the evenly distribution of forest resource over the whole country(保证森林资源在全国的均匀分布)b.Promote the coordinated growth of commercial and noncommercial forest(促进商品林业和非商品林业比例协调发展)c.Promote the
5、 concentration and specialization of forestry production(促进林业生产的集中化与专业化)d.Try to give play to abundant labor resource while the capital is relative short(在资金不足情况下发挥劳动力充裕的优势).,3.The main methods of resource allocation(资源配置的主要方法),3.1 Decentralized decision making method(分散决策配置方法)The resource allocatio
6、n and products distribution are totally depend on market mechanism(资源配置和产品分配完全依靠市场机制),对应的是市场经济体制 3.2 Centralized decision making method(集中决策配置方法)由中央计划部门通过计划进行资源配置和产品分配.对应的是计划经济体制3.3 The combination of centralized and decentralized decision making method(分散决策和集中决策相结合的配置方法),Section twoThe macro-alloca
7、tion of forestry resource第二节林业资源的宏观配置,1.1 The significance(意义)a.Assure the balance between the total supply and total demand of forest product(保证林业供求总量平衡)b.Promote the macro-structure of forestry to be reasonable(促进林业宏观结构合理)c.Provide public forest products(提供林业公共产品)d.Arrange the major forestry proje
8、ct(布置林业重点建设工程),The significance and principle of macro-allocation of forestry resource(意义和原则),1.2 The principle of the macro-allocation of forest resource(原则)a.The principle of combination of local interests and whole interests(区域利益与全国利益相结合的原则)b.The principle of combination of short run interests an
9、d long run interests(短期利益与长远利益相结合的原则)c.The principle of combination of forest products production and conservative resource management(林产品生产与保护性资源相结合的原则)d.The principle of combination of total outputs increasing and structure improvement(总量增长与结构优化相结合的原则),2.The relation between forest resource macro-
10、allocation and forestry development strategy(林业资源宏观配置与林业发展战略的关系),2.1 Forest resource macro-allocation is the one of the important means to realize the target of forestry development strategy,2.2 Forest resource macro-allocation and forestry development strategy is consistent(一致)2.3 Forest resource m
11、acro-allocation is one of the key points to join(衔接)the different stages of forestry development strategy smoothly 2.4 Forest resource macro-allocation is the main part of forestry development strategy countermeasure(对策),3.The main forms and methods of forest resource macro-allocation(形式与方法),3.1 Mai
12、n forms(主要形式)a.State owned forest enterprise invested by government(政府投资的国有林业企业)b.The investment to protection and special purpose forest by government(国家对防护林和特种用途林建设投资)c.The investment to backward mountain and forest area as a support and an exploitation(对落后山区,林区的支持性开发性投资),3.2 The main methods of f
13、orest resource macro-allocation a.Forestry instructive plan(林业指令性计划)b.Forestry development strategy(林业发展战略)c.Forestry overall arrangement(林业布局)d.Forestry industry policy(林业产业政策),Natural forest area in Northeast(东北)b.Natural forest area in Southwest(西南)c.Artificial forest(人工林)d.Forest shorted area in
14、 middle and west(中西部少林区),4.The forest resource macro-allocation in China,Section threeThe allocation of forestry production factors第三节林业生产要素配置,1.The basic theory and method of production factors allocation,1.1 The basic theory of production factors allocation生产要素分为:a.Labour(劳动)b.Land(土地)c.Capital(资本
15、)d.The talent of enterpriser(企业家才能)市场机制起基础作用,加政府适当的宏观调空,1.2 Main methods a.Production function,In which:Q:production output(产出量)x1,x2,xn:production factors for different investmentThe composition proportion(配合比例)of different production factors is called technique coefficient(技术系数),which could be fix
16、ed or variable.,b.Economies of scale(规模经济):,Increasing return to scale(规模经济),Decreasing return to scale(规模不经济),Internal,External,Internal,External,Reasonable scale depend on:Technique levelMarket situationc.Cost of enterprise investment,2.The concept of forestry production factor and its economic ch
17、aracteristics(概念与特点),2.1 Characteristic of capital(资本)2.1.1 The turnover of Capital invested in forestry is slow(周转慢)2.1.2 Continuous investments but only harvest once(连续投入,一次性收获)2.1.3 Big risk of revenue for capital invested in forestry(高风险),2.2 Characteristics of forestry labour(林业劳动特点)2.2.1 The f
18、orestry labour demand is seasonal(需求的季节性)2.2.2 The workers in forestry is scattered over big area(分散性)2.2.3 The forestry labour is not specialized on one work process but should familiar with the whole process(专业化程度低,综合性强)2.2.4 The forestry labour tend to hold two or more post concurrently(具有兼业性质),2
19、.3 Characteristics of forest resource 2.3.1 The reward from forest land is decrease progressively(林地报酬递减性)2.3.2 The forest land is scarce(林地稀缺)2.3.3 The variation of forest price is slow(林价变动缓慢),3.1 Forestry fund system has been established for capital allocation(林业基金制度)育林基金,森保基金,林价,贴息贷款,森林资源补偿费等.3.
20、2 The allocation of forestry labour is emphasize the efficiency but also give consideration to employment(效率优先,兼顾就业)3.3 The allocation of forest resource is follow the rule of evenly distribution principle(森林资源配置遵循均匀分布原则,但不能机械地执行),3.The characteristic and method of forestry production factors alloca
21、tion(林业生产要素配置特点),4.The determination of the boundary of agricultural and forest land during the allocation of forest land allocation(林地要素配置中农林界限地的确定),The distance from the city center,Land rent,a commercial land,b residence land,c agricultural land,d forestry land,Section fourThe functional relation
22、ship among forestry production factors第四节林业生产要素之间的函数关系,Forestry production and forestry production factors allocation(林业生产函数与林业生产要素配置),The common forestry production factors:forest land,production equipment and tools,seed,fertilizer,pesticide,labour.(常见林业生产要素:林地,生产设备与工具,种子,化肥,农药,劳动力)可分为两大类:人的要素:工人,技
23、术员,管理人员 物的要素:土地,种子化肥,工具等,The relation among forestry production factors:(林业生产要素之间的关系)a.The forestry production factors are depend on each other,the use value of forestry product is the result from the combination of different production factors(相互依赖,林产品的使用价值是各要素结合共同作用产生的结果)b.The increase of investme
24、nt of one production factor,may reduce the investment of another production factor,given the same production level(同一生产水平下,一种生产要素的增加可以使另一要素投入减少)c.Sometime some production factors can not be substituted(有时要素之间不能替代)The optimal investment level of production factors could be analyzed through production
25、,here are two examples:,Seed amount(kg),Number of seedling,y,y0,O,x,x0,The line relation between investment and production,Fertilizer(kg/hm2),Forest production(m3/ha),A,B,Q1,Q2,y,x,The curve relation between forest production and fertilization,Section fiveThe determination of economic rotation of co
26、mmercial forest,1.Definition of rotation and related basic theories,Rotation:Under the principle of sustaining yield,the time needed for clear cutting all the forest in the management unit,and the new forest are grow up and ready to be harvested.Rotation and age of maturation is different(page 129),
27、but the rotation is calculated from the age of maturation(see figure on next slide)Rotation=age of maturation regeneration period,0,10,20,30,40,50,10,20,30,40,50,轮伐期,A、更新期=0,此图为采伐后及时更新，因此v=0，轮伐期u=50（年）,B、更新期=10,轮伐期,0,-10,10,20,30,40,50,60,10,20,30,40,50,60,此图为伐后更新，v=10（年），则u=60年,0,10,20,30,40,50,0,1
28、0,30,40,50,20,0,10,20,30,40,50,伐前更新,轮伐期,此图为伐前更新，v=-10，则u=40年，这种情况常见于渐伐作业的采伐更新,So the task to calculate rotation is trying to find the age of maturation,the following are methods to calculate the age of economic maturation,2.Calculation methods of age of economic maturation,2.1 Net profit of forestAv
29、erage net profit per unit area:,In which:FRi:net profit of forest at year ITRi:Total momentary revenue of clear cutting at year i TCi:Total cost of forest cultivation until year Ii:age of forest,Using the above equation to calculate the net profit of forest for different year,the year which has the
30、highest value will be the age of economic maturation.Then using this value together with regeneration period,the rotation can be calculated.,2.2 The expected value of forest land,In which:Le:Expected value of forest landVe:Net present value form harvesti:interest ratet:harvest age,The age which has
31、the highest value will the age of maturation,2.3 Present net value(worth),In which:PNW:present net valueRt:monetary revenue at year tCt:monetary cost at year tt:the year when the revenue and cost happened P:interest rate,or discount rate,2.4 Internal rate of return,In which:Rt:monetary revenue at year tCt:monetary cost at year tt:yearP:the interest rate which hold the equation(IRR),
