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1、商务英语翻译 之 句法翻译,被动句式,被动语态的表达具有客观性，因此，在英语中的使用非常广泛，尤其在科技文体中更为普遍。另外，英文考虑的重点是事情，而汉语考虑的重点则是人。汉语不执着于主语与谓语之间究竟是什么关系。例如：人不可貌相，海水不可斗量 As a person cannot be judged by his appearance,so can the sea not be measured with a bushel.,句法翻译之三：被动句式,英文多用被动语态,英语中的被动语态在翻译成汉语时，在多数情况下要翻译成符合汉语习惯的主动句，但少数仍旧保持被动语态。一般的翻译方法有三种：,句法
2、翻译之三：被动句式,被动语态的主要翻译方法,（1）译成汉语的主动式（2）译成汉语的被动式（3）译成汉语的特殊结构,被动句式（1）：译成汉语的主动式,保留原文中的主语 在将被动语态翻译成汉语时，有时可以将原文中的主语仍旧译作汉语的主语，即采取“受事者动词”。例如：,News of the merger was passed on by word of mouth.,众口相传，有关合并的消息不胫而走。,Visitors are requested to come by appointment.,来访者请提前预约。,On such a basis has the question of restru
3、cturing the company been raised.,公司重组的问题就是在这样的基础上提出来的。,被动句式（1）：译成汉语的主动式,保留原文中的主语,The president was offered some support from his board of directors.,总经理得到了董事会的一些支持。,He was told that he failed in the job interview.,他得知自己面试没有通过。,The difference between a brain and a computer can be expressed in a singl
4、e word:complexity.,人脑与电脑的差异可以概括成一个词：复杂性。,On their domestic stations,the trade issues were dismissed briefly.,在他们国内电台的广播中，贸易问题只是轻描淡写地报导了一下。,被动句式（1）：译成汉语的主动式,将原文中的主语转译成宾语，增译主语 有时可以将原文中的主语翻译成宾语。如果原句中没有施动者，在必要的情况下，还可以在译文中加上相应的主语，如“人们、有人、大家、我们”等含有泛指性的词语做主语。例如：,Im afraid Ill be laughed at.,我怕大家笑话我。,Yet,wh
5、at we say here will not be long remembered.,不过，人们不会长久地记住我们在这里所说的话。,If you are asked personal questions,you need not answer them.,如果有人问你的私事，你尽可以不答。,被动句式（1）：译成汉语的主动式,将原文中的主语转译成宾语，增译主语,An MBA degree is considered to be one of the important requirements for the position.,人们认为MBA学历是担任这一职位的重要条件之一。,Introdu
6、ctions were made before the managing director delivered his speech.,在总经理讲话之前，大家互相进行了介绍。,With the development of modern electrical engineering,power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed.,随着现代化电气工程的发展，人们能把电力输送到所需要的任何地方。,被动句式（1）：译成汉语的主动式,将原文中的某一部分转译成主语,The compass was invented in China four thou
7、sand years ago.,中国在四千年前发明了指南针。（状语转译成主语）,Spring Festival is celebrated in China as well as some other Asian countries.,中国和其他几个亚洲国家过春节。（状语转译成主语）。,Communications satellites are used for international live transmission throughout the world.,全世界都将通讯卫星用于国际间的实况转播。（状语转译成主语）。,被动句式（1）：译成汉语的主动式,把施动者译成主语,Less p
8、aper work is required than in the past by the modern banking industry.,现代银行业需要的纸张作业比过去少。,A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics technology.,电子技术提供了一种新的时间显示方法。,This conclusion is hardly justified by the results.,结果很难证明这个结论是正确的。,被动句式（1）：译成汉语的主动式,译成无主句有时英语被动句因某种原因不体现施事者，但是句子里又不能没有主语
9、，于是就用受事者做主语。汉语不存在这个问题，因为汉语里可以没有主语。在翻译这样的句子时，往往颠倒原文中的“受事者动词”顺序，变成“动词受事者”，将原文处理成为无主句。例：,In no way can the contract be put an immediate end to.,无法立即终止合同。,Helsinki became a flourishing port,and a university was founded at Turku.,赫尔辛基变成了一个繁荣的港口，在土尔库还建成了一所大学。,Many means of conducting business transaction
10、have been developed since the last decade of the twentieth century,one of which is the E-commerce.,自二十世纪九十年代以来产生了许多交易方式，其中一种是电子商务。,被动句式（1）：译成汉语的主动式,主语和谓语合译 英语中有些短语动词含有名词，变成被动语态时可将该名词与所搭配的动词合译成谓语，整句翻译成汉语的无主句。例如：,Care should be taken at all time to protect office instruments from dust and damp.,应当始终注意
11、保护办公设备一尘不染，不受潮湿。,Attention has been paid to the special way of handling the trade dispute.,已经注意到要采取特别的方法来处理这次贸易争端。,Emphasis must be laid on the upgrading of product.,必须强调产品的升级换代。,被动句式（1）：译成汉语的主动式,译成带表语的主动句有时英语的句子中所侧重的不是某个动作本身，而是与这个动作有关的一些具体情况，比如时间、地点、方式、方法等，也就是说，句子强调的是行动的静态，而不是动态。我们在翻译时可以把这种句式放入“受事者
12、是施事者动词的”框架中。例：,Large quantities of oil are refined locally.,大量的石油是就地提炼的。,The decision of merger and acquisition is not taken lightly by the management.,并购的决定不是管理层轻易做出的。,Negotiating an end to the trade war was first formally raised at the ministerial conference on June 22,1995.,进行谈判以结束贸易战，这是在1995年6月2
13、2日在部长会议中首次正式提出来的。,被动句式（1）：译成汉语的主动式,以it为形式主语的被动句的翻译 有些以it为形式主语的英语被动式句子，在翻译成汉语的时候常要改变成主动形式。译文有时不用加主语，有时则需要加入一些不确定的主语，比如：“大家、有人、人们、我们”等，或者将其处理成独立句。例如：,It is rumored that the accident was due to negligence.,据谣传，那场事故是由于玩忽职守而造成的。,It should be said that the financial crisis in Southeast Asia has had little
14、 impact on Chinese economy.,应该说，发生在东南亚的金融危机对中国经济影响不大。,It is estimated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious but unavoidable process known as waiting.,据估计，美国人一生中在乏味却又无法躲避的等待上所花的时间竟达五年之多。,被动句式（1）：译成汉语的主动式,以it为形式主语的被动句的翻译 有些以it为形式主语的英语被动式句子，在翻译成汉语的时候常要改变成主动形式。译文有时不用加主语，有时
15、则需要加入一些不确定的主语，比如：“大家、有人、人们、我们”等，或者将其处理成独立句。例如：,It is believed that more and more people in China will be moving out of the city to live in the country.,人们相信，越来越多的中国人将离开城市搬到郊区去住。,It is hoped that you will be back after you complete your Ph.D.in the USA.,大家希望你在美国读完博士后回来。,以it为形式主要的表达形式包括：不加主语,It may be
16、 safely said thatIt can be clearly seen thatIt should be noted thatIt can be foreseen thatIt was so decided thatIt was made beyond any doubt thatIt has been proved thatIt will be seen from this that,可以有把握地说,可以清楚地看到,应该指出,可以预料,就此决定,毫无疑问,已经证明,由此可见,It must be stressed thatIt has been calculated thatIt i
17、s hoped thatIt must be realized thatIt can not be denied thatIt has been found thatIt must be kept in mind that,不加主语,必须强调,据计算,希望,必须认识到,不可否认,已经发现；实践证明,必须牢记,可以加主语，译成“人们，有人，我们，大家”等,It is asserted thatIt is believed thatIt is generally considered thatIt is well known thatIt was told thatIt is felt thatI
18、t is understood thatIt is objected thatIt is claimed thatIt is generally accepted thatIt is alleged that,有人主张,有人相信/认为,人们普遍认为,大家知道；众所周知,有人曾经说,人们感到,人们明白,有人反对,有人声称,大家公认,有人断言,被动句式（2）：译成汉语的被动式,当句中不出现行为主体时，有时使用“被”“给”表示被动意义。例如：,If the scheme is approved,work on the project will start immediately.,如果方案被批准，这
19、项工程将立即动工。,He was fired for incompetence at the end of the month.,月底，他因自己无能而被解雇了。,The company was prohibited from using false advertising.,这家公司被禁止使用虚假广告。,被动句式（2）：译成汉语的被动式,译为“遭受、遭到、受到、得到、受、挨、叫”。例如：,In the last few years the region was hit by severe financial crisis.,过去几年里该地区遭受了严重的金融危机。,The Chinese eng
20、ineers who worked in the Philippines were kidnapped by some terrorists.,在菲律宾工作的中国工程师遭到了恐怖分子的绑架。,Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.,我们的外交政策得到全世界人民的支持。,被动句式（2）：译成汉语的被动式,译为“遭受、遭到、受到、得到、受、挨、叫”。例如：,There is no possibility that human beings will be controlled by computers.,人
21、类受计算机控制的可能性并不存在。,With the computer,the ideas of todays scientists can be studied,tested,distributed and used more rapidly than ever before.,有了计算机，今天科学家们的思想就可以比以往任何时候都更快捷地得到研究、检验、传播及应用。,Most mathematical problems can be solved quite mechanically by repeating certain straight-forward processes over an
22、d over again.,大多数数学题只需通过十分机械地不断重复某些简单的过程就能得到解决。,被动句式（2）：译成汉语的被动式,“为所”。例如：,This new theory has now been adopted by many scientists who are searching for life in outer space.,这一新理论现在已为许多寻找外层空间生命的科学家所接纳。,In his late thirties,he was almost knocked down in his despondency of the unsuccessful career.,近四十岁
23、时，由于事业上的挫折，他几乎为失意所毁。,被动句式（3）：译成汉语的特殊结构,译成汉语的“把”或“将”字结构，即“施事者把受事者动词补语”。例如：,Goodyear,an American,had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard,nonstick,and yet elastic.,一个叫固特异的美国人多年来一直在努力寻找一种方法，把橡胶做得硬而不粘，而且富有弹性。,He was soon surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with q
24、uestions.,一群人很快把他围住，向他提出一个又一个问题。,If a computer can be made complex enough,it can be as creative as human beings.,如果能把电脑造得足够复杂的话，那么电脑就能像人一样富于创造力。,被动句式（3）：译成汉语的特殊结构,译成汉语的“把”或“将”字结构，即“施事者把受事者动词补语”。例如：,Nationalized in 1951 by a Labor government,the British steel industry was denationalized by the Conser
25、vatives in 1953,then renationalized by Labor in 1967.,1951年，工党政府把英国钢铁工业收为国有；1953年，保守党政府把它退归私营；而后，在1967年工党政府又把它国有化。,For now,it is enough that the trade issue be postponed,with neither side accepting the status quo but with both sides living with it.,目前，双方都不接受但还能容忍他们所处的现状，并把贸易问题推迟到以后再说，这就足够了。,被动句式（3）：
26、译成汉语的特殊结构,译成汉语的“是由的”，“是让的”，“是给的”等结构。例如：,Most letters from his clients are read to him by the secretary.,客户给他写的信，大多数是由秘书念给他听的。,Like the Los Angeles Olympics,Mexicos World Cup is funded by private businesses.,同洛杉矶奥运会一样，墨西哥世界杯大赛也是由私人企业出钱赞助的。,被动句式（3）：译成汉语的特殊结构,译成汉语的“是由的”，“是让的”，“是给的”等结构。例如：,The three mac
27、hines are controlled by a single operator.,这三台机器是由一个人操纵的。,An invitation to come to the home for a meal or a longer visit is usually given by the hostess.,邀请客人到家吃饭或作较长时间拜访，通常都是由女主人出面的。,Approximately 30%of the food consumed in the world today is produced by horticulturists.,当今，全世界消费的食品中，约30%是由园艺师生产的。,
28、被动句式（3）：译成汉语的特殊结构,译成汉语的“予以”，“加以”等结构。例如：,Problem of overstaffing should be resolved in good time.,人员过剩问题应该及时加以解决。,Trade deficits can be controlled if proper measures are taken.,如果采用适当措施，贸易赤字是能够予以控制的。,The corporate financial affairs will be examined by a special committee.,公司财务将由一个特别委员会加以审查。,被动句式（3）：译
29、成汉语的特殊结构,译成汉语的“用”、“拿”、“靠”等结构。例如：,In this day and age,fish are caught in the sea and brought to us by train and truck.,现如今，鱼是在海中捕到的，并且是用火车和卡车运来的。,Boats are moved by oars or by wind,and ships by paddle-wheels or screws.,小船是靠桨或风推动的，而轮船是靠轮桨或螺旋桨行进的。,被动句式（3）：译成特殊的结构,不表示施动关系的by英语句子中介词by后面如果是没有生命的事物，有时不是一般意
30、义上的施动者，而是表示一个原因，可以翻译成“因为，由于，因此”等。例如：,Optimism was tempered by the realization that oil prices would rise again at any time.,由于知道油价随时都可能再次上涨，人们的乐观情绪被冲淡了。,Hopes of renewed cooperation with Iran in the near future were dashed by signs that the hostage crisis in Teheran,which started November 4,might dr
31、ag into the summer.,在近期内恢复与伊朗的合作关系的希望破灭了，因为11月4日发生的德黑兰人质危机已经出现了可能拖到夏天才能解决的迹象。,被动句式（）：译为特殊的结构,表示被动意义的名词性短语 两种结构形式：1）所有格或物主代词动作名词；2）动作名词介词名词或人称代词宾格。在这样的结构中，动作名词为中心词，表示所施加的动作，所有格或介词宾语表示受动者，这类短语容易产生歧义，有时表示主动，有时从逻辑上来看具有被动意义。例如：,He resented the boss dismissal.,他对老板开除自己耿耿于怀。（主动）,His dismissal by the boss c
32、aused great anger in him.,他被老板炒了鱿鱼，非常生气。（被动）,被动句式（）：表示被动意义的名词性短语,His assistance was required.,He asked the boss for his promotion.,他请求上司提升自己。(被动),The board of directors ruled against the purchase of the equipment.,董事会裁决反对购买这批设备。(被动),要求他给予协助。（主动）,We must come to his assistance.,我们必须协助他。（被动）,被动句式（）：表示
33、被动意义的名词性短语,The government has banned the clinical application of the drug.,政府禁止这种药物的临床应用。（被动）,His criticism of the economic situation caused a great stir.,他对经济形势的批评引起了极大的轰动。（主动）,The books publication was greeted with piracy.,这本书一出版就遭到盗版。（被动）,The defendant filed a lawsuit against the judges conviction.,被告对法官的定罪提出了诉讼。（主动）,The defendant filed a lawsuit against his conviction.,被告对自己所被定的罪提出了诉讼。（被动）,
