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1、语法单项讲解,主讲人：何福胜 教授,语法测试要求,掌握基本的英语语法知识，要求能在阅读、写作等过程中能够正确运用这些知识，达到获取有关信息和基本表达、交流思想的目的。具体需要掌握的内容如下：1.名词、代词的数和格的构成形式及其用法；2.动词的基本时态、语态的构成形式及其用法；3.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成形式及其用法；4.常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法；5.非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成形式及其用法；6.虚拟语气的构成及其用法；7.各类从句的构成及其用法；8.强调句型的结构及其用法；9.常用倒装句的结构。,词汇和语法考题形式,本部分共设10道题，每道考题中有一空白，要求考生根
2、据词汇或语法要求在四个选择项中选择一个最佳答案。本部分满分为20分，每题2分。考试时间为8分钟。,Structure(8 minutes,20 points),Directions:There are 10 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet with a single lin
3、e through the center.,常用语法考点,1.名词、代词的数和格的构成形式及其用法；2.动词的基本时态、语态的构成形式及其用法；3.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成形式及其用法；4.常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法；5.非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成形式及其用法；6.虚拟语气的构成及其用法；7.各类从句的构成及其用法；8.强调句型的结构及其用法；9.常用倒装句的结构。,答题策略,1 熟练掌握英语基础语法2 熟记以上9项重要语法考点3 分析理解全句的意思4 利用句子的语法规律判断填空词5 利用句子语境信息判断填空词6 利用排除法推断出填空词,名 词,1常用不可数名词ad
4、vice baggage cashclothing damage equipmentfurniture homework importanceinformation jewelry knowledgelaughter leisure luggagemachinery mail moneymusic news peacerainrecognition research scenerysoap snow trafficviolence water work,名词,2这些不可数名词的常用单数形式是：一个可数名词+of+不可数名词。例如：an article of clothing a piece o
5、f information/advice/news an act of violence,名词,3这些不可数名词的常用复数形式是：一个可数名词的复数形式+of+不可数名词。例如：four articles of clothing two pieces of information/advice/news many pieces of furniture,名词(常用数量表达法),可数名词 不可数名词few little a few a littlefewer lessa/the number of amount ofmany mucha lot of a lot ofsome someany a
6、nyno noall allother other,名词(数字有时可以当名词或形容词使用),正确表达法 错误表达法hundreds of examples hundred of example,hundred s of examplesthree feet three footan eight-foot-long tail an eight-feet-long tailten thousand people ten thousands peopletwo million years ago two millions years ago,two million year agofifty per
7、cent of the inhabitants fifty percents of.a fifty-percent decrease a fifty-percents decrease,a fifties-percent decrease,例题1,Mr and MrsSmith are so excited today，for they bought yesterdayAmany furnitures Bso many furnitureCquite a few furniture Da lot of furniture,例题2,Ever since Picassos painting wen
8、t on exhibit,there _ large crowds at the museum every day.A.is B.has beenC.have been D.are,代词,“one the other”与“one another”的区别：“one the other”所修饰的数是两个，the other指两者中的另一个；而“one another”所修饰的数是三个或三个以上，another指不定数目（至少三个）中的另一个。,代词,“both”与“all”的区别：both用于指两个人或事物；all用于指两者以上的人或物。both与all作同位语用，放在名词或代词后，如：We bo
9、th study very hard.若谓语是系动词时，则需将其放在系动词后。若谓语是行为动词，前面又有助动词时，应放在助动词之后。如：They have both gone to Beijing on business.both与all都可用of结构。若其后是名词，of可省略；若是人称代词时，of不可省略。,代词,“whole”与“all”的区别：whole表示“全部，所有”之意时，后面不能接复数，而且采用“the+whole+名词”的词序。当all表示“全部，所有”时，后面既可跟不可数名词，也可跟复数可数名词，并采用“all+the+名词”的词序，如all the students,all
10、 the morning。但all day,all night中不用the。,代词,“none”与“no one”的区别：none of the ss./no ss none表示“之中没有一个”，一般是对两者以上的人或物进行否定。None可以代替单数或复数名词，谓语动词也有单数或复数，而且它既可指人，也可指物。neither(of)表示“两者都不”。No one表示“一个也没有”，即“not a single one”只代表单数名词，只能指人，谓语动词用单数。,例题1,He came back from the market with a piece of meat in hand and s
11、ome fish in.A.one/another B.the one/the otherC.the one/another D.one/the other,例题2,Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times,was done.A.a few damagesB.few damagesC.little damage D.a little damage,时态,一般现在时：一般现在时通常表示习惯动作、一般状态、客观规律和永恒真理。如果主语是第三人称单数，其动词后需加s或es。例如：He always gets up l
12、ate on Sundays.He lives on a lonely island in the Pacific Ocean.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.在以as soon as,when,after等引导的时间状语从句中，或以if,unless等引导的条件状语从句中，通常使用一般现在时态。例如：Ill ring you as soon as he comes back.Youll succeed if you try your best.,时态,现在进行时：现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作，也表示目前一段时间内正在进行的活
13、动。表示后一种情况时，动作也一定正在进行。例如：Steve is studying Chinese best.并非所有动词都有进行时，有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常无进行时，除非这类动词的词义发生变化。这类动词有：be,love,like,hate,believe,think,feel,seem等。例如：Do you see anyone over there?Are you seeing someone off?(see off 意思是“送行”)现在进行时也可表示将来的动作：它指按人们的计划、安排将要发生的动作或指即将开始的动作。例如：Im leaving for Beijing tomorr
14、ow.现在进行时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。例如：She is always cooking some delicious food for her family.,时态,现在完成时：现在完成时表示目前已完成的动作或刚刚完成的动作，也可表示从过去某一刻发生，现在仍延续着的动作或情况。此时态强调动作对现在的影响。例如：The conference has lasted for five days.Hes just bought an unusual taxi.当句子中出现表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，谓语动词一般用现在完成时。此类状语有up to(till)now,so far
15、,these days,this summer,for(后接一段时间的短语），since(后接过去某个具体时间)等。例如：We havent seen each other again since we graduated in 1987.句中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时主要取决于动作是否对现在有影响。例如：What did she say about it?I have lived in Beijing for 15 years.,时态,一般过去时:一般过去时表示过去某个特定时间发生且一下子就完成的动作，也可表示过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。例如：
16、I had a word with Mary this morning.He smoked forty cigarettes a day until he gave up.一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用，如yesterday,last week,in 1993,at that time,once,during the war,before,a few days ago,when等。“used to+动词原形”表示“过去经常”而现在已经停止的习惯动作。例如：He used to work fourteen hours a day.Did you use to do/I didnt u
17、se to do 另外，注意区别“used to do”和“be/get/become used to doing”。后者意为“习惯于”，to为介词，后跟名词或动名词。,时态,过去进行时:过去进行时表示过去某时正在发生的动作，也可表示过去某段时间内正在发生或反复发生的动作。例如：Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkings was telling me his experiences as a young man.Bill was coughing all night long.,时态,过去完成时:过去完成时表示过去某时之前已完成的动作或状况。在时间上，它属于“过去的过
18、去”。在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语。例如：By the end of the war,the small workshop had become a large factory.They found that a stream had formed in the field.,时态,一般将来时:一般将来时表示某个将来时间会发生的动作或情况，也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。例如：He will take part in an important race across the country.The students will have five Eng
19、lish classes per week this term.be going to,be to do,be about to do 等也可表示将来的动作，但它们常常表示打算、计划、安排和即将要发生的动作。will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的动作或情况。,时态,将来进行时:将来进行时表示将来某时正在发生的持续的动作。其构成：willbe动词的现在分词。例如：Ill be having an English class this time tomorrow.Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at th
20、e station.,时态,将来完成时:将来完成时表示将来某时前已完成的动作，它也可用来表示推测。注意“by+将来时间”句型。例如：They will have stayed here for five months next week.By the end of next month,they will have studied twenty passages.,时态,现在完成进行时:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别是：前者一般表示已结束的动作或情况，它强调对现在的影响。后者一般表示仍在进行或刚刚还在进行的动作或情况，它强调动作的延续性。例如：I have thought it over.我
21、已经考虑过这件事了。I have been thinking it over.我一直考虑这件事。Be careful!Peter has been painting the car.注意！彼得刚才还在给这部车上油漆。（油漆尚未干）,例题1,_ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.A.He would leave school B.He left schoolC.He had left school D.He has left school,例题2,He in a small workshop,but n
22、ow he is the head of a big business company.A.used to working B.was used to work C.used to work D.was used to working,例题3,Its reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory by about 10%.A.will have risenB.has risenC.will be risingD.has been rising,语态,语态（voice）是一种动词形式，表示主语
23、与谓语动词所表示的动作之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态（active voice）和被动语态（passive voice）。被动语态往往是各类考试中的侧重点。英语被动语态是由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。被动语态的时态变化借助动词be来实现。助动词be要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。,语态,被动语态常用于下列几种情况：1动作的执行者无需指出或不明确时。例如：Printing was introduced into Europe from China.Rome was not built in a day.2为强调动作的承受者时。例如：Four people were kill
24、ed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack.Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.3为了修辞的需要。例如：He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.,语态,1除及物动词外，一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可使用被动态形式，除个别情况短语动词一般不拆开使用。例如：This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.,语态
25、,2不及物动词（或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词）和表示状态的动词（或短语动词）无被动语态形式，如：happen,rise,occur,take place,break out 等；以及lack,fit suit，equal,become,resemble,befall,consist of,look like等。例如：The story took place in 1949.,语态,3将主动态形式改为被动态形式时，如遇到动词后跟双宾语的情况，我们只能将其中之一变成主语，另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变成主语时，保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。例如：I gave my husband a ti
26、e.My husband was given a tie.A tie was given to my husband.,语态,4不定式符号to在被动语态中不可省略。在主动语态中，感官动词和“使”动词常跟不带“to”的动词不定式，但在被动词态中要有“to”。例如：I saw her pass by the window.She was seen to pass by the window.,语态,5某些实义动词加副词也表示被动意义，如：wash,write,sell,eat,keep,open,read,shut等。例如：This type of recorder sells well.这种型号
27、的录音机销路很好。The door wont shut.门关不上。This kind of shirt washes well.这种衬衫很禁洗。The pen writes well。这笔很好使。,语态,6want、deserve、need、require、stand、take、wont bear with等词后跟主动形式的动名词可以表示被动意义。例如：The film is quite worth watching.这部电影很值得一看。The children need looking after(=to be looked after)。孩子需要照看。The rule will take
28、some learning.这规则需花点功夫才能学会。,语态,7.某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。例如：He is hard to please.很难取悦于他。The article is difficult to understand.这篇文章难懂。,语态,8被动语态中常用的几个介词：by表示动作的执行者或施动力；with（tools）表示用某种工具；of(materials)表示由某种原料制成（制成品可见原料）；from（substance）表示源于某种物质（制成品不见原料）。,例题1,The professor was knowledgeable and eloque
29、nt and with enthusiasm.A.was always listened B.was always listened to C.always was listened D.always listened to,例题2,The United Kingdom Great Britain and Northern Ireland.A.consisted of B.is consisted of C.consists of/is composed of/is made up of D.consist,例题3,Though Newton was a great scientist,man
30、y of his ideas today and are being modified by the work of todays scientists.A.are to challenge B.are challengingC.may be challenged D.have been challenged,形容词和副词,1形容词是表示人或事物性质或特征的词类，在句中可作定词、状语、补语、表语、主语或宾语（the形容词表示一类人或物）。形容词作定语时的位置是它的一个重要用法。一般来说，形容词在作定语时，位于被修饰词前置定语。形容词的另一重要用法是构成原级、比较级和最高级等形式。2副词是用来修
31、饰形容词、副词、动词及句子的词类。根据其意义和用法，可分为频度副词（always、generally、usually、often、frequently、sometimes、occasionally、seldom），程度副词（perfectly、roughly、probably、possibly、fairly、rather），地点副词（here、there、anywhere），时间副词（then、yet、still、now、soon），方式副词（carefully、badly、quickly），疑问副词（how、why），连接副词（therefore、however），关系副词（when、whe
32、re）和语气副词（certainly）。副词在句中的位置根据其分类不同而有所不同。,形容词和副词,1若干前置形容词连用时，其排列顺序如下：品质（一般描写性）大小/新旧或年龄/形状颜色起源材料用途名词。但是，当被修饰词是nothing、something、everything、anything等不定代词时，或者作定语的形容词是以a-为前缀的形容词（如ablaze,alert,alike,alive,asleep,awake,afloat,ashamed）及一些以-able,-ible为后缀构成的形容词（如sensible,acceptable,visible,imaginable）时，通常将形容
33、词 放于被修饰词后面作后置定语，形容词短语也作后置定语。例如：a funny,little,red insect。,形容词和副词,2 any、far、even、much、slightly、a bit、a little、a lot、all the等可用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。much、a lot、far等表示“更得多”等程度意义。,形容词和副词,3“fairly”与“rather”的区别：在修饰形容词或副词时，fairly主要用于褒义形容词或副词（good,well）前；rather则主要用于修饰带贬义的形容词或副词（bad,badly）。,形容词和副词,4.“very”与“much/ver
34、y much”的区别：由现在分词或过去分词转化而成的形容词，若表示状态、性质或个人的反应，可用very修饰。注意-ing与-ed形容词的区别：-ing修饰sth.；-ed修饰sb.。例如：The movie is very interesting.I am(very)much interested in the movie.,形容词和副词,5 much too形容词/副词”实际上是“too+形容词/副词”的强调形式。可用来修饰“too+形容词/副词”结构的副词还有far、rather，但不用very、quite等修饰。Too much可作形容词修饰不可数名词，也可作副词修饰动词或动词短语，还可
35、作名词短语在句中作主语、宾语等。,形容词、副词比较级和最高级,）等比句句型 下面这种句型主要表示人或物的性质、特征等方面有某些近似或相等：语谓语as形容词/副词as比较对象。例如：(four times as as)We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have been taken ten years in the past.句子中两个as作用不同，前一个as是副词，含“如此”的意思；后一个as是连词，表示“比”或“如同”的意义。下面一种句型的意思是“不比多”或“不少于”：主语谓语no more/less形
36、容词/副词比较级than被比对象是表达“相等”或“近似”的一种说法。例如：She is no less diligent than her classmates.,形容词、副词比较级和最高级,）比较级句型 比较级句型用于表示两个人或事物之间的差别。它包括两个方面：一是优等比较，即“甲胜于乙”；一是次等比较，即“甲不及乙”。主语谓语形容词/副词比较级（名词）than被比对象 或：主语谓语more/less形容词/副词than被比对象。例如：Facts speak louder than eloquence.The new edition of the dictionary is more exp
37、ensive than the old one.“否定的同等比较”也用于表示两个人或事物之间的差别。例如：John doesnt work so hard as Henry.,形容词、副词比较级和最高级,）最高级句型 最高级句型用于表示某一事物在一定范围内最突出或某一动作达到最高程度的句子。一般要有一个表示范围的词组：the形容词/副词最高级（名词）范围词。例如：Jane is the tallest girl in the department of public relations.Of all the students.Beth works hardest.注：引导范围的介词，如果为同一
38、范畴用of；否则用in，如以上例句。否定词比较级 该句型的原意思是“高没有比更”，也表示“最”的概念。例如：There is nothing in the world more potent and more impotent than words.,形容词、副词比较级和最高级,4）Thethe结构：该句型表示“越，越”。例如：The harder you work,the greater progress you will make.More haste,less speed.,形容词、副词比较级和最高级,）少数形容词比较级不用连词than。例如：superior（优于），inferior（
39、低于），senior（年长于），junior（年幼于）等词之后用to，而不用than。例如：His strength is superior to mine.My knowledge is inferior to his.,形容词、副词比较级和最高级,）其他一些表示两者之间有所比较和选择的句型。例如：Better to do well than to say well.I would rather join you in research work than go on holiday to the seaside.I prefer to work rather than sit idle.H
40、e would sooner resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.,形容词、副词比较级和最高级,7)有些形容词既不能用比较级，也不能用最高级。此类形容词除unique外还有：perfect,infinite,matchless,empty,round,square等。,例题1,To the best of my knowledge,the climate in Arizona is better year-round.A.than any other state B.than other statesC.than in
41、any other stateD.than is any other state,例题2,To clarify the circumstances thoroughly requires taken thus far.A.more specific measures than haveB.more specific measures than have beenC.more specific measures than hasD.more specific measures than has been,例题3,With regarding to this model of color TV s
42、ets,the home-made ones are by no means those made in Japan.A.less inferior toB.less inferior thanC.inferior thanD.inferior to,非谓语动词(不定式）,不定式是指带to的动词原形（使用中有时不带to），在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语和状语。）作定语（1）动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后有必要的介词。例如：Hes a pleasant fellow to work with.Theres nothing to worry abo
43、ut.（2）有些名词后常跟不定式作定语。例如：time,reason,chance,right,ability,willingness,need,anxiety,wish,plan等。例如：Women should have the right to receive education.There is no time to hesitate.（3）the first,the second,the last,the best等之后用不定式做定语。例如：The monitor will be the first to come.He was the last man to blame.,非谓语动
44、词(不定式）,）作状语（1）作目的状语。不定式作状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，一般置于句子末尾。但是，如果表示强调，亦可置于句首。其否定形式为：在不定式符号前加not。例如：He went to Shanghai to visit his parents.To save the earth,we must prevent the earth from being polluted.I shut the door quietly,so as not to wake the baby.（2）作结果状语。例如：We came home after our holiday to find our
45、garden neat and tidy.She left home,never to return again.,非谓语动词(不定式）,（3）作原因状语 不定式做原因状语时，一般放在句子末尾。例如：She burst into laughter to see his funny action.The boy was shocked to see the frightening scene.（4）有些固定词组带to不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句子做独立成分。这些词有：to be honest,to begin with,to cut a long story short,to get(b
46、ack)to the point,not to make much of it,to put it another way,to tell the truth等。例如：To tell you the truth,I have never been to Beijing.To be honest,I have never heard of Winston Churchill.,非谓语动词(动名词）,2动名词 动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式，由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。与现在分词构成法相同。它同时具有动词及名词特征。以下主要介绍其做定语及状语的情况。）作定语。例如：None is allowed
47、 to smoke in the waiting room.The speeding car came to a stop all of a sudden.）作状语。介词动名词可以作状语用，表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式等。例如：After finishing the job,he went home.He was blamed for having done something wrong.,非谓语动词(分词）,1）分词的作用：分词作状语不仅可表示原因、结果方式，还可以表示时间、条件、伴随情况及让步等。2）现在分词与过去分词的区别：主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外
48、）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行。过去分词则表示动作已完成。例如：developing countries(发展中国家)developed countries（发达国家）the touching tale(动人的传说)the touched audience（受感动的观众,非谓语动词(宾语和宾语补足语）,要求后面跟动词-ing作宾语的动词和词组：admit,advise,advocate,allow,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,deny,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,fan
49、cy,finish,imagine,include,involve,justify,keep,mind,miss,pardon,permit,postpone,practise,prevent,quit,regret,require,resent,resist,risk,stop,suggest,understand,stand cant help(couldnt help),非谓语动词(宾语和宾语补足语）,要求后面跟动词不定式作宾语的动词和词组：advocate,afford,agree,aim,arrange,ask,assist,attempt,(cant)bear,beg,begin,
50、bother,care,cease,choose,claim,continue,dare,decide demand,deserve,desire,determine,dislike,endeavour,expect,fail,fear,forget,hate,help,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,like,long,love,manage,mean,need,neglect,offer,plan,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise,propose,refuse,regret,remember,require,seek,start,striv
