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1、第二讲 直译与意译,A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps,for there is a companionship of books as well as of men.,译文一：人们往往可以从一个人所交的朋友以及所阅读的书目中看到他的为人，因为，人与人之间存在友谊，人与书之间也存在友谊。译文二：所谓欲知其人，先观其友；观其阅读书目，亦能知其人，因人可与人为友，亦可与书为友。,直译,意译,翻译按照所使用的方法来分，可以分为：1、直译(literal translat
2、ion)2、意译(free/liberal translation)Can you give us a definition about literal/liberal translation?,What is a literal translation?A literal translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source language.Also known as:word-for-word translation or direct translation,In translation stu
3、dies literal translation has the meaning of technical translation of scientific,technical,technological or legal texts.,What is a free translation?A free translation is a translation that reproduces the general meaning of the original text.It may or may not closely follow the form or organization of
4、 the original text.,When providing a free translation,the translator considers the culture of the original document,understands the nuances of the original language,and takes into account idiomatic expressions.The result is a finished product that comes alive to the reader with the actual intent of
5、the original.,Literal translation&Liberal translation,Which one is better than the other?,“直译，意译，各有千秋，译者依据功能、审美、读者层等三要素，宜直译就直译，宜意译就意译，能神游于规矩之内，亦能神游于规矩之外，能循规蹈矩，亦能叛道离经，方称得上翻译的行家里手。”-辜正昆,Eugene A.Nida is the developer of the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory.Dynamic equivalence and formal eq
6、uivalence are two approaches to translation.,Dynamic equivalence attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text(if necessary,at the expense of literalness,original word order,the source texts grammatical voice,etc.),while formal equivalence attempts to render the text word-for-word(if nec
7、essary,at the expense of natural expression in the target language).,注意避免两种倾向：1、避免死译(rigid translation)The development of an economical artificial heart is only a few transient failures away.发展一个经济的人工心脏只是几个短暂的失败。只消再经过几次失败，就能造出价格低廉的人工心脏了。,2、避免过度意译(unduly free/over free translation)-胡译、乱译、曲译The sea is
8、 rippled with little white ponies.大海掀起涟漪，像奔腾的小马驹。,练习,It seems to me that what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.我觉得煮母鹅用什么酱，煮公鹅也要用什么酱。我认为如何律人就应该如何律己。,His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar.他的反驳是带着强烈的醋意发出的。他用非常尖酸刻薄的口气进行了反驳。,I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and ga
9、ve my wife my old age.我把我的青春献给了大海，我回到家里，给了我的妻子我的老年。我把青春献给了大海，我回到家和我的妻子共度晚年。我把青春献给了海洋，等我回到家里时，已经是白发苍苍了。,A:What does the lawyer do after he dies?B:Lie still.A:那个律师死后还能干什么？B：静静地躺着。躺着说鬼话。即使安静地躺下了仍然要撒谎。,Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,nor is it a way to make social problems e
10、vaporate.砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。,As a demanding boss,he expected total loyalty and devotion to the company from all his employees.他当老板非常苛刻，要求所有雇员对公司忠心不二，竭尽全力。,Cultural Time:Confucius,孔子是我国古代伟大的思想家和教育家，儒家学派创始人，世界最著名的文化名人之一。与孟子并称“孔孟”，孔子被尊为“至圣”，孟子为“亚圣”。,Confucius was a Chinese thinker and social phi
11、losopher.Confucius thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism(儒家).,Kong Qiu(孔丘),as Confucius is commonly known,is a combination of his surname(孔)and his given name(丘),and he was also known as Zhong Ni(仲尼),which is his courtesy name.He was born in 551 BC in the Lu
12、state in the later days of the Spring and Autumn Period.孔子，名孔丘，字仲尼，春秋时期鲁国人，出生于551BC。,The mansion of Confucius,The temple of Confucius,The tomb of Confucius,Confucianism,Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius.,It is
13、 a complex system of moral,social,political,philosophical,and quasi-religious thought that has had tremendous influence on the culture and history of East Asia.,Cultures and countries strongly influenced by Confucianism include mainland China,Taiwan,Korea,and Vietnam,as well as various territories s
14、ettled predominantly by Chinese people,such as Singapore.Japan was influenced by Confucianism in a different way.,Confucianism holds that one should give up ones life,if necessary,either passively or actively,for the sake of upholding the cardinal moral values of ren and yi.,Humanity is core in Conf
15、ucianism.The classical Wuchang(五常)consisting of five elements:Ren(仁,Humanity),Yi(義,Righteousness),Li(禮,Ritual),Zhi(智,Knowledge),Xin(信,Integrity),“三纲”即“君为臣纲”、“父为子纲”、“夫为妻纲”the three cardinal guides:ruler guides subject father guides son husband guides wife,rn(仁).Rn is the virtue of perfectly fulfillin
16、g ones responsibilities toward others,most often translated as benevolence or humaneness;,Lunyu(English:Analects)also known as the Analects of Confucius,are considered a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples,as well as the discussions
17、 they held.,Written during the Spring and Autumn Period through the Warring States Period(ca.475 BCE-221 BCE),the Analects is the representative work of Confucianism and continues to have a tremendous influence on Chinese and East Asian thought and values today.,Since Confucius time,the Analects has
18、 heavily influenced the philosophy and moral values of China and later other East Asian countries as well.Together with the other three volumes of the Four Books,it taught the basic Confucian values including social and ritual propriety(禮/礼),righteousness,loyalty,and filial piety,all centered about
19、the central thought of Confucius humanity and the proper man or gentleman(君子).,Four Great Classical Novels:the Great Learningthe Doctrine of the Meanthe Analects of Confucius the Mencius,己所不欲,勿施于人!Do not do to others what you dont want to be done to you.温故而知新，可以为师矣。A man who is able to review past knowledge and acquire new knowledge is qualified to be a teacher.,有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？How happy we are,to meet friends from afar!Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?,Thank you!,
