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1、English and American Literature,An Outline of English Literature,I.Old English,or AngloSaxon,Era(450-1066)II.Middle English Period(1066-1485)III.The Renaissance Period(1485-early 17th century)IV.The 17th CenturyV.The 18th Century.VI.The Romantic Age(1789-1837)VII.English Literature of Victorian Age(
2、1837-1901)VIII.20th Century Literature,I.Old English,or AngloSaxon,Era(450-1066),This period extended from about 450-1066,the year of the Norman-French conquest of England.The Germanic tribes from Europe who overrun England in the 5th century,after the Roman withdraw,brought with the Old English,or
3、Anglo-Saxon language,which is the basis of modern English.They bought also a specific poetic tradition,the formal character of which remained surprisingly constant until the termination of their rule by the Norman-French invaders 6 century later.,Achievements,Poetry Much of old English poetry was pr
4、obably intended to be chanted,with harp(a kind of instrument in Chinese means 竖琴)accompaniment,by Anglo-Saxon scop(poet in Chinese means 吟游诗人),often bold and strong,but also mournful and elegiac(sad)in sprit.Major achievement:Beowulf,II.Middle English Period(1066-1485),Extendingfrom1066to 1485,this
5、period is noted for the extensive influence of French literature on native English forms and themes.,Achievements,Literary Trends:Arthurian Legends and Tales of Chivalry and Adventure:,Geoffrey Chaucer:The Canterbury Tales,III.The Renaissance Period(1485-early 17th century),Literary Trends:Renaissan
6、ce and Humanism The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world.This period is characterized by the influence of the classics(in literature,language,and philosophy),as well as an optimistic forward-thinking approach to the potential of humans(known as Renaissance humanism).,
7、Writers and Works:,Thomas More:Utopia 乌托邦 Edmund Spenser:Faerie Queene 仙后 Francis Bacon:Essays 论说文集,William Shakespeare,Works:154 sonnets,37 plays,2 long poemsComedy:A Midsummer Nights Dream,Twelfth Night,As You Like It,Merchant of VeniceTragedies:Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth,Romeo and Juliet Hi
8、story Plays:Henry IV,The earlier seventeenth century,and especially the period of the English Revolution(164060),was a time of intense ferment in all areas of life religion,science,politics,domestic relations,culture.,IV.The 17th Century,Writers and works:John Milton:Paradise Lost 失乐园John Buyan:The
9、Pilgrims Progress 天路历程(Metaphysical poet)John Donne:Songs and Sonnets 歌与十四行诗,IV.The 17th Century,Literary TraitsEnlightenment and Neoclassism,the early age of Romanticism The Enlightenment movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept the whole western Europe
10、at the time.The enlightenmenters celebrated reason or rationality,equality and science.They called for a reference to order,reason and rule.,V.The 18th Century,In the field of literature,enlightenmenters believed that the artistic should be order,logic,restrained emotion and accuracy.seek proportion
11、,unity,harmony and grace in literary expression,in an effort to delight,instruct and correct human beings.Neoclassicism.A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries,characterized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason,form,and restraint.,V.The 18th Century,Poetry:Alexander Pop
12、e:The Rape of the Rock 劫发记Prose:Jonathan Swift:Guillivers Travels 格列佛游记The Rise of the Realistic NovelDaniel Defoe:Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记,VI.The Romantic Age(1789-1837),The literary views:Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the in
13、ner world of the human spirit.It tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.It also places the individual at the center of art.,A:Poetry:William Wordsworth&Samuel Taylor Coleridge:Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集Byron:Dan Juan 唐璜Shelley:Ode to the West Wind 西风颂John Keats:Ode
14、to a Nightingale 夜莺颂,B.Drama:Byron:Manfred Shelley:Prometheus UnboundC.Novel:Jane Austen:Sense and Sensibility,Pride and Prejudice,Emma.Walter Scott:Ivanhoe,Features of the Victorian Literature:Realism Victorian literature,as a product of its age,naturally took on its quality of magnitude&diversity.
15、It was many-sided and complex,and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in peoples life and thought.Great writers and great works abounded.,VII English Literature of Victorian Age,Charles Dickens:Oliver Twist,David Copperfield,Great Expectations,A Tale of
16、 Two CitiesWilliam Thackeray:Vanity FairCharlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre Emily Bronte:Wuthering Heights Thomas Hardy:Tess of the dUrbevilles,The century was a period of great artistic change,and is dominated by the impact of World War I(191418)and World War II(193945),as well as by the artistic concerns o
17、f modernism(which affected both themes and methods of writing).,VIII 20th Century English Literature,Literature Before 1950s Literary Traits:Modernism Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.The major themes of the modernist literature are
18、the distorted,alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.,
19、A.Poetry:T.S.Eliot:The Waste LandB.Drama:George Benard Shaw:Saint Joan C.Novel:Henry James:Daisy Miller Joseph Conrad:Lord JimD.H.Lawrence:Sons and Lovers,James Joyce:Ulysses,154 sonnets,2 long poems,37 plays,Tragedies,Comedies,History plays,Tragi-comedies,Shakespeare(1564-1616),HIS TRAGEDIES,among
20、the most powerful studies of human nature in all literature appropriately as the greatest achievements of his dramatic artistryFour Great Tragedies:Hamlet 哈姆雷特 Othello 奥赛罗 King Lear 李尔王 Macbeth 麦克白,HIS COMEDIES,His comedies celebrate human social life even as they expose human folly.Four Great Comed
21、ies:The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之梦 Twelfth Night 第十二夜 As You Like It 皆大欢喜,HIS HISTORIES,2 Henry VI 3 Henry VI 1 Henry VI Richard III Richard II,King John 1 Henry IV 2 Henry IV Henry V Henry VIII,Shakespeares Poetry,PoetryVenus and Adonis Sonnets,A mix of old and very new
22、 Rural and urban words/images Understandable by the lowest peasant and the highest noble,Shakespeares Language,thou=you(主格）,thy=your（物主代词）,thee=you（宾格）,thou art=you arethou wilt=you will thou shalt=you shall thou wert=you were,“Words,words,only words,no matter from the heart”,Meaning:Empty words,not
23、 real thoughts or ideas from the heart.,Troilus and Cressida,空话,空话,只是空话,没有一点发自内心.,Match the meaning with the quotation and the play.,Romeo,Romeo,why are you Romeo?Deny your father,and refuse your name,罗密欧,罗密欧,你为什么是罗密欧?否定你的父亲放弃你的姓氏.,Romeo and Juliet,Version In modern English,“Neither a borrower nor a
24、 lender be”,Meaning:It is best not to lend(money)to others and not to borrow from others.When we lend sth,we risk losing both the thing we lend and the friendship with the other person.,Hamlet,别借债,莫放债.,“To be or not to be:that is the question”,Meaning:That is a question whether to live on in this wo
25、rld or to die,that is,to take action or to do nothing.,Hamlet,生存还是毁灭,这是个问题.,Influence,Shakespeares work has made a lasting impression on later theatre and literature.His writing is widely regarded as one of the three main sources of the English literature,while the other two are Greek and Roman myth
26、s and the Bible.Shakespeares use of language helped shape modern English.,The Tragedy of Hamlet,Prince of Denmark,or more simply Hamlet,is believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601.,Hamlet is regarded as Shakespeares most popular and greatest play on the stage.It is the first work of liter
27、ature to show an ordinary person looking at the absurdness and wrongs in life,asking the toughest questions and coming up with honest semi-answers like most people do today.,Hamlets soliloquy,Soliloquy-Long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage.Soliloquy in Hamlet is a natural
28、 means of writing in revealing the princes inner conflict and psychological predicament in Hamlet.,How many soliloquies does Hamlet deliver?,Hamlet has seven major soliloquies.The most famous soliloquy is perhaps“to be or not to be”in Act III,Scene I,Hamlet.,To be,or not to be:that is the question:,
29、the key sentencedilemma of trying to determine the meaning of life and death,suffer the life passively,to end ones sufferingsactively?,To be,To live and not to take action,Not to be,To take action and die,Which is nobler?,Hamlets soliloquy,Main Idea:This is an internal philosophical debate on the ad
30、vantages and disadvantages of existence,and whether it is ones right to end his or her own life.It presents a most logical and powerful examination of the theme of the moral legitimacy of suicide in an unbearably painful world.,It was among Shakespeares most popular plays during his lifetime and,alo
31、ng with Hamlet and Macbeth,is one of his most frequently performed plays.,It is a song of youth and true love.Today,the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers.,Romeo and Juliet,Quotes from Romeo and Juliet,Whats in a name?That which we call a roseBy any other word would smell as sw
32、eet.(2.2.45-6),JulietSee how she leans her cheek upon her hand!O that I were a glove upon that hand,That I might touch that cheek!(2.2.23-5),Romeo,English Poetry,Shakespeares SonnetsRomantic poetry William Wordsworth Percy Bysshe Shelley John Keats,Introduction to Shakespeares Sonnets,The Sonnets ar
33、e Shakespeares most popular works,and a few of them,such as Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summers day),Sonnet 116(Let me not to the marriage of true minds),and Sonnet 73(That time of year thou mayst in me behold),have become the most widely-read poems in all of English literature.,Sonnet is a
34、very important form of English metrical poetry.It has 14 lines written to a regular rhyme scheme.Sonnet was invented by the Italian poet,Francesco Petrarch in the early 14th century.Sonnet makes it easier to express deep thought and emotion.The Shakespearean sonnet is made up of 3 quatrains followed
35、 by a couplet.The concluding couplet often comes to be an effective epigram and also makes the theme of the poem clearer.Its rhyme scheme is abab,cdcd,efef,gg.,evenly-tempered;not overcome by passion.,the natural changes age brings.,that beauty you possess.,the beauty of everything beautiful will fa
36、de,the sun,a,b,a,c,d,d,f,e,e,f,g,g,b,c,f,白话译本：我能否将你比作夏天？你比夏天更美丽温婉。狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，夏日的勾留何其短暂。休恋那丽日当空，转眼会云雾迷蒙。休叹那百花飘零，催折于无常的天命。唯有你永恒的夏日常新，你的美貌亦毫发无损。死神也无缘将你幽禁，你在我永恒的诗中长存。只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。,Sonnet 18 is the best known and most well-loved of all 154 sonnets.It is also one of the most straightforward
37、 in language and intent.In the sonnet,the poet compares his beloved to the summer season,and argues that his beloved is better.The poet also states that his beloved will live on forever through the words of the poem.,Romanticism,Romanticism is a complex artistic,literary,and intellectual movement th
38、at originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe,and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.It was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of natureembodied most
39、 strongly in the visual arts,music,and literature,but can be detected even in changed attitudes towards children and education.,Major Romantic Poets,William Blake 1757-1827Songs of InnocenceWilliam Wordsworth 1770-1850Lyrical Ballads,I wander Lonely as a CloudS.T.Coleridge 1772-1834Lyrical Ballads,K
40、ubla Khan George Gordon Byron 1788-1824Don JuanPercy Bysshe Shelly 1792-1822Ode to the West WindJohn Keats 1795 1821Ode to a Nightingale,1798年华兹华斯与柯尔律治共同发表的抒情歌谣集宣告了浪漫主义新诗的诞生。华兹华斯在1800年抒情歌谣集第二版的序言中详细阐述了浪漫主义新诗的理论，主张以平民的语言抒写平民的事物、思想与感情，被誉为浪漫主义诗歌的宣言(manifesto)。,Lyrical Ballads,with a Few Other Poems is
41、a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge,first published in 1798 and generally considered to have marked the beginning of the English Romantic movement in literature.It became and remains a landmark,changing the course of English literature and poetry.,Romanticism is c
42、haracterized by the 5“I”s:,ImaginationIntuitionIdealism the concept that we can make the world a better place.Inspiration The Romantic artist,musician,or writer,is an“inspired creator”rather than a“technical master.”Individuality,Romantics celebrated the individual.,emphasized over“reason”,William W
43、ordsworth(1770-1850),William Wordsworths poems have two major subjects.One is about nature.The other is about common life of ordinary people.Wordsworth is regarded as a worshipper of nature.“Works:I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Also known as DaffodilsOde:Intimations of ImmortalityThe Solitary Reaper,华
44、兹华斯的诗以描写自然风光、田园景色、及乡民村姑、少男少女等普通人的生活闻名于世。文笔朴素清新，自然流畅，一反新古典主义平板、典雅的风格，开创了新鲜活泼的浪漫主义诗风。,华兹华斯:英国诗人，与柯尔律治、索塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。,Percy Bysshe Shelley,珀西比希雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley，1792年8月4日1822年7月8日），一般译作雪莱，是英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一，更被誉为诗人中的诗人。其一生见识广泛，不仅是柏拉图主义者，更是个伟大的理想主义者。创作的诗歌节奏明快，积极向上。,One of the major English Romantic
45、 poets,Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822),most famous for poems such as“Ode to the West Wind”,西风颂“To a Skylark”,致云雀for his association with John Keats and Lord Byron;for his untimely death at a young age,like them,One of the major English Romantic poets,Ode to the west wind Shelley,Make me thy lyre,eve
46、n as the forest is:What if my leaves are falling like its own!The tumult of thy mighty harmoniesWill take from both a deep,autumnal tone,Sweet though in sadness.Be thou,spirit fierce,My spirit!Be thou me,impetuous one!Drive my dead thoughts over the universeLike withered leaves to quicken a new birt
47、h!And by the incantation of this verse.Scatter,as from an unextinguished hearthAshes and sparks,my words among mankind!Be through my lips to unawakened earth.The trumpet of a prophecy!O Wind,If winter comes,can spring be far behind?,最后一节,像你以森林演奏，请也以我为琴，哪怕我的叶片也像森林的一样凋谢!你那非凡和谐的慷慨激越之情，定能从森林和我同奏出深沉的秋乐，悲
48、怆却又甘洌。但愿你勇猛的精灵竟是我的魂魄，我能成为剽悍的你!请把我枯萎的思绪向全宇宙播送，就像你驱遣落叶催促新的生命，请凭借我这单调有如符咒的韵文，就像从未灭的余烬飏出炉灰和火星，把我的话语传遍天地间万户千家，通过我的嘴唇，向沉睡未醒的人境，让预言的号角奏鸣!哦，风啊，如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗?,Ode to the West Wind,In this poem,the poet praises the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver,that enjoys b
49、oundless freedom and that has the power to spread messages far and wide.It is a great lyric on nature,but it has underlying significance:the old world must go,and a new world must come with the spring,laden with fresh sweet promises for suffering humanity.It is a mixture of death and rebirth.,John K
50、eats(1795-1821),Keats wrote 150 poems,but those upon which his reputation rests were written in the span of nine months,from January to September 1819.This intense flowering of talent remains unparalleled in literary history.,English Ode,An ode is typically a lyrical verse written in praise of,or de
