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1、,语法，改错突破,Checklist,缺词/多词名词：数；可数性形容/副词：形式/级近义搭配时态/语态动词虚拟语气非谓语动词As/like结构,11.定语从句的关系词12.前后照应主谓一致时态一致c.指代一致d.修辞一致13.逻辑关系：连词/连接性副词 反义词 其它,1 缺词/多词,缺漏及赘述错误主要表现为漏掉介词、代词、关系词、冠词、连词等或重复意义相同或相近的词语以及出现两个主语等。,单数可数名词一般前应有冠词，但有些固定搭配中不用冠词Dishwashers and washing machines do jobs that were once done by the hand.by(th
2、e)hand by hand,1 缺词/多词,不及物动词作谓语的关系代词前的介词I suddenly realized that my own parents are the ones whom I can rely.(on)whom不及物动词后接宾语应添加介词But perhaps we should look at both sides of the coin before arriving hasty conclusions.This leads changes in the way of life.arriving(at)/leads(to),固定搭配中是否缺介词，注意隔离修饰In e
3、very home a stereo or television will fill the rooms sound.fill the rooms(with)sound短语中是否漏词句子结构是否完整In the nineteenth century,farm work and life were not much changed from that they had been in the old days.Thatwhat（原从句缺少宾语）定语从句中是否多了主语和宾语,More examples,We have to make clear to each worker that everyb
4、ody must observe these rules make make it 宾语为动词不定式或从句时，必须在动词与宾语补足语之间加上形式宾语it。Though we have known great deal about space，we still have a lot to learn.great deal a great deal(修饰不可数名词),The songs sounded via radios in restaurants，from cars passing on the highways and shoeshine(擦皮鞋)parlors and(in)shoesh
5、ine parlors此处应是与前面词组in restaurants和from cars并列的介词短语,Both natural and synthetic man-made rubber are of little value in their raw state去掉synthetic或man-madeMonsoon winds（季风），sometimes masked by other features of the general atmospheric circulation，they are associated with nearly all large continental l
6、and masses去掉they 同Monsoon winds重复,2 名词,名词的限定,The day before the speech contest English teachermy可数名词前通常要加修饰语。此句虽然有English，但指代不明。根据上下文，加上my比较贴切。,名词可数与不可数的误用,Too much tests are disadvantage for students study.（误）In modern society,people are under various pressures（误）,名词的单复数,1)and asked me lots of ques
7、tion.Questions“question”为可数名词，在lots of后面，应加-s。2)We study quite a few subject，such as maths,subjectsA few后面应跟可数名词的复数形式。,3)and often watch football match on TV matches 经常观看足球赛，Match时可数名词，应用复数形式。4)She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success，schoolmates此处为复数概念，应加上-s。,3 形容/副词与比较,形容词用来修饰名词或作
8、表语；副词修饰形容副词或动词：经常有误用It is essential that people be psychological able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.Psychological psychologically 修饰形容词Man has used metals for centuries in gradual increasing quantities.Gradual gradually修饰动词（现在分词形式）,2.系动词和
9、感官动词后接形容词。系动词包括be,appear,seem,become,turn,go,come,grow,keep,感官动词包括feel,smell,taste,sound,look等。其中有些系动词又可以做实义动词：become成为,appear出现,turn转动,go去,come来,grow种植/成长,keep保留I frequently feel weakly and dissatisfied with myselfAll the dishes taste most deliciously.Weakly weakDeliciously delicious,3.-ly结尾的词不一定都是
10、副词，如friendly,woolly长绒毛的,costly昂贵的,lonely,elderly,olderly,fatherly,brotherly,deadly等，注意区分。4.以a-开头的形容词一般只作表语：afraid,alike,akin,alive,alone,asleep,awake,ashamed,afloat,alight发亮/燃着的 等。如果用作了定语，则需更换成相应形式。,5.有些副词有两种形式，但意义不同，需加以区分High高 highly：高度地Deep深 deeply：深深地Wide宽/大 widely：广泛/大大地Hard努力 hardly：几乎不Near近 ne
11、arly：几乎/将近close近 closely：细心/严密/密切Late迟 lately：最近Most最 mostly：主要/通常Just 刚/仅/正好 justly 公平/正当/精确地Pretty相当/非常 prettily漂亮地/令人愉悦地,Right就/正是/顺利 rightly正确/当/公正地Slow缓慢(go/run/speak/read)slowly慢慢/渐渐地Loud/loudly大声地（louder/loudest）Fair公平/公正/正好 fairly 相当/适度/公正Easy不着急/慢慢/容易 easily轻易/容易/很可能Dead突然/完全/直接 deadly极为/死一
12、般地Clean完全/一直 cleanly干净利落地Clear清楚/完全/远离 clearly 清楚/显然/明亮,He got up,walked across the room,and with a sharp quick movement flung the door widelyopen.Widelyopen wideopen,6.比较结构中，一般用than来连接，但有些词用to如：superior/inferior/senior/junior.或者asasTheir fields yield twice as much corn this year than they did last
13、year after adopting the advanced technology.Than as,7.有些词本身就是最高级不可在添加more/most excellent;perfect;complete；entire(ly);extreme;unique;round;dead;alive;ultimate;utter;square等。They may learn that questions which seemed most entirely objective then appear to be highly biased to someone else.Most entirely
14、 entirely,8.混淆比较的两部分。如：The climate in the coastal cities is much warmer than in the interior cities（在than与 in之间应加指示代词that句中用于比较的两个部分是气候而不是地区。）,4 近义词,某些近义词表面意思讲得通，但不贴切或不准确，需要进行替换。Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matte
15、r.High highly 极为/高度Between sunrise and sunset,streets and highways are a constant source of voice from cars,busesVoice noise,5 搭配,主要涉及形容词、名词、动词等与介词的搭配；动词、形容词与名词的搭配以及比较结构等固定搭配。On some fields,this has clearly not happened.On some fields inWe asked a lady,who replied that she thought you could tell a w
16、ell-mannered person on the way they occupied the space around themOn the way by/from the wayThis has probably been the case in quite a while.Infor,Such reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients.Dependent in dependent onIf he was absent because of sickness,th
17、ere was often no job from him when he returned.From him for him We have little time to read some books which we interest.are interested in.,6 时态和语态,根据时间状语（包括副词（词组）和从句）或逻辑对句子的时态作出正确判断。Where tuberculosis（肺结核）vanished,it came back.Vanished had vanishedBy the time the sun sets this evening,I will have f
18、inished the book I am writing for the last six years.am writing have been writingI was walking along the road,and there are not so many cars on the street.There are there were,熟记事态的特殊规律陈述真理或常识性事件时，用一般现在时时间、条件从句中不能用将来时,静态动词不能用进行时态：a.be动词和have(有)b.apply to;belong to;differ from;cost;weigh;measure;fit;
19、hold(容纳);lack;resemble等c.表示感觉的动词feel;hear;see,smell;tasted.心理或情感动词assume;believe;consider;detest(憎恶);feat;hate;hope;wish;like;love;regret;know;suppose;understand;want;remember;imagine;notice,He resembles his father.I know that this issue is important.I have English classic literary books.Cf.I am hav
20、ing a wonderful time in Hawaii.,6 时态/语态,要根据句意确定使用主动还是被动被动语态不仅出现在谓语的位置上，还出现在非谓语动词结构中，还有不同的时体变化。Whenever we hear of a natural disaster,even in a distant part of the world,we feel sympathy for the people to have affected.To have affected to have been affectedThe old Jewish custom of bathing the feet of
21、 all strangers that came within their gates is still be practicing in parts of Palestine.Is still be practicing is still being practiced,只有及物动词或词组才用被动形式；但并非所有及物动词都可用于被动结构：如have;let;become;get;fit;suit;lack;resemble 小心被动结构不规则动词的过去分词形式Throughout history,shoes have been wore not only for protection but
22、 also for decoration.Have been wore have been worn,7 动词,除了要时态/语态，还要注意是否及物动词The traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways.（误）The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways.（正）Because of his excellent performance,the boss rose his salary.（误）Because of his excell
23、ent performance,the boss raised his salary.（正）,介词to和不定式符号的混淆,Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking.（误）Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking.（正）All these contributed to solve the serious problem.（误）All these contributed to the solution
24、to the serious problem.（正）,情态动词的误用,It may not good to our health.（误）It may be not good to our health.（正）They should spent much time.（误）They should spend much time.（正）,8 非谓语动词,A现在分词形式与过去分词形式混淆。如：The victory was no more convinced than I had expectedConvinced convincing 令人信服的，表示主语特征The teacher went int
25、o the classroom,following by some studentsFollowing followed,分词和不定式的不同含义：现在分词：主动或进行（或完成）；过去分词：被动或完成；不定式：将要发生或目的Succeeding in passing the examination,she is extremely happy.因为（已发生）To succeed in passing the examination,she needs to work much harder.为了（目的）,The small college generally provides a limited
26、 number of courses and specializations but offers a better student-faculty ratio,thus permit individualized attention to students.permitting小院校提供的课程专业较少，但师生比例较高，因此能够特殊的个体指导和关注。Becoming a skilled photographer,a person should have both manual dexterity（灵巧，灵敏）a good eye for detail.Becoming To become,Pr
27、actice,Even the quiet of our carefully protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passed jet.So a sportsmans individual way of walking with raised shoulders is often imitated by an admired fan.Passed passingAdmired admiring 追星族常常模仿运动员抬高肩膀大摇大摆走路的方式。Admire和pass都是由中心语发出，主谓关系,The boy s
28、 delighting look tells us that he passed the examDelighting delighted 高兴的、兴奋的，表示主语状态You can pass any factory or construction area and the roar of their machinery will make your ears ringing.Tom had his arm breaking yesterday.,B不定式与动名词相互混淆。如：To lie is viceTo lie Lying 此处指抽象的概念性动作Lying about it will o
29、nly make matters worseLyingTo lie 此处指具体的一次性动作,C非谓语动作发生时间与谓语动作发生时间的方面出现错误。I remember locking the door when I left home this morningLocking having locked非谓语动作发生时间早于主语动作发生时间。,D特殊非谓语动词结构方面出现错误。You have to practice to speak English as much as possible now since you are going to England next yearto speaks
30、peakingpractise后的宾语要用-ing形式。）,非谓语动词不单独作谓语。At the beginning of 19th century working hours were from sunrise to sunset,pay was awful,(and)working conditions being poor and dangerous.were,如果非并列句中有两个以上谓语动词，是错误的，这时只能保留一个，其它的改为非谓语动词形式：Consider the great need for improving many aspects of the global enviro
31、nment,one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources(that are poured into the space exploration efforts).,作宾语时，要注意用动词不定式还是动名词。有时两者皆可，但意义不同，如forget,remember,try,regret,stop,continued等作宾补时，要注意不同形式的意义差别，以及和谓语动词的搭配。Mary was heard singing in the next room then.I saw David Beck play fo
32、otball on TV last night.,分词（包括带连词的分词）短语作状语时，逻辑主语须与主句主语一致。Sports activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior.Viewing biologically,the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised hunting pack.Viewed,9 虚拟语气,虚拟语气分为两种：be型和were型。Be型(should)+do(动词原形）：用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语（见下页）之后的th
33、at-分句中。What do you think of the doctors recommendation that our friends stayed a few more days in hospital?stay/should stay,用于if,though,whatever,lest,so long as引导的分句中，表示推测、让步、防备If the rumor be true,everything is possible.Whatever be his defense,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.Though everyone dese
34、rt you,I will not.Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.If it would rain tomorrow,we would have to put off the exhibition.should rain 表示推测,Be-型虚拟语气标志词,v.Demand,command,suggest,require,ask,order,insist,advise,move,direct,recommend,propose,see(to it)that等n.demand,request,suggestion,
35、recommendation,advice,proposal,insistence等a.important,fundamental,preferable,necessary,basic,vital,imperative,essential,requested,suggested,demanded等,有些词有多个意义，当不表示建议、命令时，就不能用虚拟语气，如：Some evidence suggests that REM sleep be a time when the brain adapts to life experience.Be is（一些证据表明，REM sleep可能是大脑适应生
36、活经验的时间。）,Were-型,Were型were/过去时体：常用于由if,if only,as if,as though,though引导的条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示非真实条件或假设。要特别注虚拟语气的谓语动词形式是否正确。条件句虚拟语气的结构如下所示：,主句或从句的动词形式未用虚拟语气形式。If we had more rain last summer，we would have a harvesthad had/would have had此句应用与过去事实相反的虚拟语气形式,条件句中还有一种特殊的混合虚拟语气。这种情况的谓语动词形式要根据具体时间来确定。If writing ha
37、d never been invented(过去),we would have no books(现在).If he had failed his exam last year,he would have been taking it again in June.would be takingI would have gone to visit that beautiful city but I hadnt got in touch with you while I was in New York.didnt getIf you had been older，I would have al-l
38、owed you to go that dayhad been were 条件句可指目前情况下的假设,Were-虚拟语气还可用其他形式表示,如without,but for,otherwise,or等。Without/but for your help,I would never make such great success.would never have madeThanks to the man timely saving,or the little boy would be drowned in the river.would have been drowned,Were-型虚拟语气
39、也用在表示臆想愿望的分句中，常由Wish,suppose,imagine,would rather,would sooner that,would just as soon(that)等引导，如：I wish it were spring all the year round.Just imagine everyone were to give up smoking.,特殊虚拟语气,在it is(high)time(that)从句中，也用were-型虚拟语气，如：It is high time that measures should be taken to decrease the birt
40、h rate in this country.were taken/had been taken,As的用法,like:象一样；（unlike）as:介词（作为）副词（如此）关系代词 连词（因为；随着；虽然；正如）as有很多固定搭配，用法极为复杂，见下页,As 固定搭配,As if/though好像As/so long as只要Such as诸如；之类的As apposed to 与相反As for/to至于；关于So as(not)to以便/以免；以致Not so much as连都不；与其不如as above如上；同上As against与相比As of/from自从,As much as
41、多达；到程度As well(as)也/又As well as not反正都行/一样As it is/as they are事实上；实际上As it were仿佛，好像，可以说as yet 到现在/那时为止As as any不亚于As as ever永远；至今；自古；空前As as can be极其；到了的程度He is as brilliant a politician as ever lived.他是至今最卓越的政治家。,As Vs.which,在限定性定语从句中，As 常和先行词前的such,so,as,the same搭配；which则无此限制。引导非限定定语从句时先行词是整个句子，as
42、常在句首或句中，而which常在句末。As引导的定语从句与主句应是顺接关系；which无此限制。As在定语从句中常作宾语，which常作主语。As作主语时，仅限于“主-动-补”结构和被动句型，如：As is often the case;as is known to allas has been pointed out;as may be imagined;etc,Practice,The farmer had much work to do,with his own muscles like his chief source of power.He used axes,spades and
43、other simple tools.91/06Cities and states have to provide services city people want,such like more police protection,more hospitals and more schools.90/01Like asLike as/being,A break in their employment,or a decision to work part time,will slow their raises and promotions-because it would for men.96
44、/01Can we be too bold as to suggest that we maybe able to colonize other planets within the not-too-distant future?00/01Because as 这一点对男士也一样So bold so bold我们可否大胆地推测在不远的将来我们就可以在其他星球上开垦殖民主义地?,定语从句的关系词,定语从句关系词是一个常见考点,关系词That和which/who的区别,用that的情况不定代词something,anybody,nothing,none,little,few,much,all作先行
45、词时；She is everything that a wife should be.最高级、序数词、不定限定词（all,some,none,few等）或any,only,first,last等修饰先行词时；先行项不止一个，且分别表示人和物时；当关系词在定语从句中充当补语时；当定语从句是there be句型时；,用which（物）或who（人）的情况介词提前，作介词宾语时；非限定定语从句；先行项是that时；当先行项与定语从句被其他成分隔开时,先行项为时间或地点时,当先行项为时间/地点时，如关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，应用which或that，而不用when/who(m)I live in B
46、eijing，where is the capital of China.which 此处where应改为which，因为它在定语从句中作主语。,缺少关系词或多余代词,有些句子中，名词后面本来该用定语从句的，却漏掉了关系词，直接接了动词。另一类常见的错误是，关系代词指代的成分在从句中以代词的形式重复出现，画蛇添足。,定语从句和名词性从句的区别,与同位语从句的区别同位语从句表明中心语的具体内容；定语从句对其先行项加以限制、描绘或说明；同位语从句的引导词that在从句中不充当成分；定语从句的关系词that在从句中担任成分，如：Most of the pupils can not answer th
47、e question why sea water is salty.Most of the pupils could not answer the question that the chemistry teacher asked().,与主语/宾语/表语从句的区别主语/宾语/表语从句充当主句的主语/宾语/表语，前面没有作先行项的名词或代词；而定语从句一般作定语，限定或描述先行项；引导词that在名词性从句中不作成分；what充当名词性从句的主语/宾语/表语，相当于the person that/who;all that,使用时容易和定语从句的that混淆。诀窍在于，看前边有没有没有先行项，有
48、用that/who/which，没有用what。All(that)I have with me now is 10 dollars.,()What I have been thinking about all the time is the question that the physics teacher put forward in class.In his writing,John Crowe Ransom describes that he considers()the spiritual barrenness of society(brought about by science a
49、nd technology).John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。that what,介词后出现从句，如前有名词或代词作先行项，用which或whom引导定语从句，如没有，则用what引导，这时整个名词性从句作介词宾语。,practice,The children attended a small elementary school(often of just one room)to that they had to walk everyday,possibly for a few miles.Considering the great
50、need for improving many aspects of the global environment,one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources that they are poured into the space exploration efforts.(00/01)To that to whichThat they that,Instead,this other person told us a story,it he said was quite well-known,about a
