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1、页岩气开发流程,提纲,哈里伯顿简介页岩气开发流程,哈里伯顿,石油天然开采一体化服务，1919年成立，世界500强之一70,000+雇员，80个国家，2011年收入$250亿，北美58%，国家42%,压裂作业 8,000 个压裂作业/月完井 提供了超过33.5万个桥塞钻井远超过1万口水平井盆地评价 超过36个国家的60个以上的盆地 物流 在北美，哈里伯顿每7分钟卸载一火车皮支撑剂,哈里伯顿非常规能力,在北美，哪里有页岩气和油，哪里就有哈里伯顿,Beijing Office10/F West Tower,World Financial Centre,No.1 East 3rd Ring Mid R
2、d,Chaoyang Dist,Beijing北京办公室 北京朝阳区东三环中路 1号 环球金融中心西塔10层,Tanggu Office Building B,No.160,Dongting Rd,Tianjin塘沽办公室天津洞庭路160号B座,Xinjiang DBS Bit and Tool Company LTD.新疆钻头和工具厂No.80 Hong Yan Road，Karamay，Xinjiang 新疆克拉玛依鸿雁路80号,Chengdu Office Room 405,Crown Plaza Hotel,#31 Zongfu Str.Chengdu成都办公室四川成都总府路31号皇冠
3、假日饭店405房间,Shekou Office15F/G,Times Plaza,Shekou,Shenzhen蛇口办公室深圳蛇口时代广场15/G,Tanggu TEDA Workshop塘沽TEDA工厂,Sichuan Xindu Workshop 四川新都车间,Chiwan Shekou Workshop(coming in 2012)蛇口赤湾车间(2012年投入使用）,Shekou Workshop蛇口车间,Tanggu Bohai Workshop塘沽渤海工厂,Luntai(Tarim)塔里木轮台基地,27 Expats27 Commuters557 Locals,哈里伯顿在中国的页岩
4、气案例,在四川和重庆地区提供了四口页岩气水平井的泥浆服务在四川和重庆地区提供了三口页岩气水平井的钻井服务在四川和重庆地区提供了三口页岩气水平井的压裂服务中国的第一口高产的页岩气水平井是哈里伯顿压裂的非常规技术组,页岩气区块开发流程,整体体系评估,区块价值初步评价,地震采集,储层模拟,井位选择,物流保障,钻井录井测井解释,完井设计压裂压裂监测,产量测试,一体化数据集成分析,区块的整体方案,目的,关键要素,储层评价,Production Sustainability,现场作业,Reservoir Continuity,Mineralogy,Heterogeneity,Permeability,To
5、tal Organic Carbon,Analogous Fields,Geomechanic Understanding,最大化产量,Well Trajectory,Hyd.Fracture Properties,Post Frac Clean UP,Well Architecture,Number of Hydraulic Fractures,Effective Fracture Half-Length,Multiple Zones,Conductivity Endurance,Fluid Sampling,Core/Cuttings,Natural Fractures,Well Spac
6、ing,优化压裂,Stress Barriers,Stress Direction,Post Fracture Evaluation,Pre-Frac Evaluation,Frac Fluid Design,Conductivity Endurance,Mechanical Rock Properties,Stress Anisotropy,Hyd.Fracture Geometry,Frac Staging Techniques,Zone Selection,优化钻井,Well Bore Isolation,Geomechanic Understanding,Well Placement,
7、Minimize NPT,Reservoir Damage,Hole Instability,Casing Design,Well Bore Integrity,Well Control,Drilling Fluid Properties,优化完井,Number of Wells,Type of Wells,Field Target Rate,Surface Facilities,Procurement,Logistics,Economic Estimates,Thermal Maturity,Porosity,Complex Fracture Network,Interval Contrib
8、ution,Perforating Strategy,Material Selection,Re-entry wells,Pad/Platform,HSE,Kerogen Type,Well Bore Rugosity,D&C Fluid Compatibility,Completions Design,Frac Staging Techniques,Perforating,Zonal Isolation,Production Monitoring,Mechanical Strengths/Loads,Temperature Monitoring,Pressure Monitoring,Wel
9、l Bore Clean Out,Fluid/Pressure Samples,页岩气开发需要用到的参数,多方面的合作,地质和地质力学,岩石物理,储层工程,现场：钻井，完井，压裂,核心成员项目经理安全监督物流后勤 岩石物理家 岩石力学家油藏工程师钻井工程师 完井工程师压裂工程师,经验,总体区块分析和勘探方案,三维地震和露头为主要输入目的层厚度，深度，延展范围主要地质结构目的-储量-井位,岩石物理评价,通过探井收集数据-录井-取岩心-岩心评价-测井-测井解释-建模,数据采集直井SPE 153681 Pitcher,Buller and Mullen,2012,挤注测试（DFIT）,目的-渗透率-
10、地层破裂压力-闭合压力-地层压力优点-储层的在线性质过程用少量液体破裂地层关井监测压力降对压降数据解释,ShaleXpertTM 数据分析工具,输入：测井曲线岩心分析录井数据DFIT,ShaleXpertTM,输出：总有机质矿物组成有效孔隙度气含量地应力脆性渗透率,数据的应用 寻找甜点,高有机质和成熟度-气含量高-孔隙度高 高脆性-容易增加改造体积-裂缝不易愈合低闭合应力-裂缝不易愈合-压裂压力低低粘土含量-储层不易损伤-脆性高 孔隙度发育,数据的应用 选择定向钻井工具,Azmuthal Deep Resistivity,数据的应用-寻找类比储层,数据的应用 压裂设计,SPE 115258,L
11、ow,High,High,Low,Low,High,BarnettMarcellusEaglefordHaynesville,BarnettMarcellusEaglefordHaynesville,数据的应用 完井方式的选择,现场作业实施,复杂裂缝监测和模拟,整体数据库和数据可视化,截止目前，我们在中国开发页岩气所观察到的问题,地质风险影响产量，提高成本-地层压力不足，页岩气有合适的生成条件，但是没有合适的保存条件-异常地层应力导致井眼坍塌，井漏，不理想的裂缝形态，井筒变形，压裂压裂异常钻井周期长-泥浆质量-经验-钻井工具设备-某些设备没有，而替代设备增加额外的成本-有的设备因路况原因不能到
12、达井场-有的设备的质量不达标-有的设备没有针对页岩气开发而优化,谢谢,References 参考文献,SPE 153681 Shale Exploration Methodology and Workflow,J.Pitcher,D.Buller,M.Mullen,2012SPE 133874-A Completions Guide Book to Shale-Play Development:A Review of Successful Approaches Towards Shale-Play Stimulation in the Last Two Decades,K.K.Chong,W.
13、V.Grieser,A.Passman,C.H.Tamayo,N.Modeland,B.Burke,2010 SPE 115258 A Practical Use of Shale Petrophysics for Stimulation Design Optimization,R.Rickman,M.Mullen,B.Grieser,E.Petre 2008,Halliburton Consulting and Project Management Services 咨询和项目管理服务,Provided consulting services to NOC in Tarim oilfield
14、 in the last 5 years过去5年以来，为塔里木油田的国家油气公司提供咨询服务Currently pursuing consulting opportunities in Tarim,Sichuan and ChangQing.目前正在寻求塔里木、四川和长庆的咨询机会,Halliburton Landmark Services 哈里伯顿Landmark服务,Market leader in Softwares sales in China在中国软件销售处于市场领先地位Strong local support team covering different oilfield in
15、China强大的本地团队，覆盖中国各个油田Prefer Exploration software supplier of customer in China在中国是勘探软件最受客户欢饮的提供商100%nationalise workforce.100%的本地团队,Sperry Drilling Sperry钻井,Long term contracts to provide DD/MWD/LWD services to IOCs in Bohai and South China Sea(DeepWater)具有为渤海和南海(深水)作业的国际油气公司提供定向钻井/随钻测量/随钻测井的长期合同Pro
16、vide DD/MWD/LWD services to different NOC subsidiary向中国几家国有油气公司提供定向钻井/随钻测量/随钻测井的服务Provide MPD services to NOC in Tarim since 2007自从2007年以来，向塔里木的国家油气公司提供精细控压钻井Set the world deepest level 4 MLT junction in 2010 with an NOC in Tarim.于2010年在塔里木与一家国有油气公司完成了全球最深的4级多分支井Provide direct sales of drilling tool
17、s to local service companies in China.向中国本地公司提供钻井工具直销服务Comprehensive list of drilling tools in country to support the drilling needs of Chinese customers.在中国国内拥有完备的钻井工具系列，支持中国客户的钻井需求Strong engineering support in Country(both in the office and in the field)具备在中国国内提供强大的工程支持的能力(包括办公室及现场支持)Recognise for
18、 outstanding HSE performance by an IOC in Changbei with Sperry being awarded“HSSE Outstanding Contractor Award”in 2010出色的HSE成绩得到长北作业的一家国际油气公司认可，Sperry于2010年获得该公司“HSSE杰出承包商奖”,Halliburton Completion Tools 哈里伯顿完井工具,Market leader in China for Mid and high end completion equipments.中高端完井设备在中国市场处于领先地位Long
19、 term contract with IOC in Bohai and Sichuan,在渤海和四川拥有国际油气公司的长期合同Provide completion equipment to various NOC subsidiary in China.为中国多家国有油气公司的下属公司提供完井设备Strong core technical support team based in Beijing,with technical engineers also located in Tanggu,Chengdu and Shekou.在北京拥有强大的核心技术支持团队，并在塘沽、成都和蛇口有工程师
20、Establish product line with good track records.建立了有良好业绩记录的产品线95%nationalise workforce.95%的员工为中国员工,Baroid Drilling Fluids Baroid泥浆服务,Long term contract with IOC in Bohai and Sichuan 在渤海和四川拥有国际油气公司的长期合同Provide drilling fluids services to some of the NOC business in China.为中国几家国有油气公司的业务提供钻井液服务Mud and B
21、rine plant set up in Tanggu to support Bohai operation.在塘沽建立了泥浆和盐水厂支持渤海的作业Supply OBM services to the deepest well ever drill in China by an NOC(location in Tarim).为中国一家国有油气公司(位于塔里木)在中国钻的最深的井提供油基泥浆服务Supply OBM services to most of the horizontal Shale gas wells drilled by Sinopec and PetroChina.为中国石化和
22、中国石油大多页岩气水平井提供油基泥浆服务Experienced engineering staff(both local and expat)拥有经验丰富的工程技术人员(包括本地专家和外籍专家),Cementing Services 固井服务,Supply cementing services to NOC and IOC in China.为中国的国有油气公司和国际油气公司提供固井服务Long term contract to supply casing accessories to an IOC in Changbei and Sichuan拥有为在长北和四川作业的一家国际油气公司提供套管
23、附件的长期合同Comprehensive cementing laboratory set up in Korla and Shekou.在库尔勒和蛇口建立了功能齐全的固井实验室Cemented the 2nd horizontal Shale gas well for Sinopec East.为中国石化华东公司提供了第二口页岩气水平井的固井服务Generally Halliburton will supply engineering service and cementing materials,and local service companies will provide cement
24、ing equipment(cement unit,cement head etc).通常，哈里伯顿提供工程服务和固井材料，本地公司提供固井设备(水泥车、水泥头等),Wireline Perforating Services 电缆和射孔服务,Traditional Business model has been direct sales of logging tools to various local service companies in China.传统的业务模式是，向中国本地的服务公司直销测井工具In 2011 start venturing into provision of lo
25、gging services in ChangQing Oilfield(as a subcontractor to a local service company)2011年开始，(作为本地服务公司的分包商)，向长庆油田提供测井服务。Used to provide perforating services to an IOC in South China Sea till the project was return back to the NOC.曾长期为一家在南海作业的国际油气公司提供射孔服务，直至该项目交还给中国国有油气公司。,Halliburton Drill Bits Servic
26、es 哈里伯顿钻头服务,Supply PDC and Tri-Cone bits to a large range of NOC and IOC in China.向在中国的许多国有油气公司和国际油气公司提供PDC钻头和三牙轮钻头Consider as one of the market leader in PDC bits in China.被认为是中国市场PDC钻头的领先公司之一Provide hole enlargement service(XR Reamer)to IOC in South China Sea.为中国南海作业的一家国际油气公司提供扩眼服务(XR扩眼钻头)Local dr
27、ill bits manufacturing center set up in Xinjiang(JV with Xibu Drilling).This manufacturing facility is capable of producing PDC drill bits to supply the China market.在新疆(与西部钻井公司)建立了在中国本地的钻头制造中心，该制造中心可以生产PDC钻头，用于支持中国市场Strong technical support team based in Beijing,100%nationalise在北京有一直强大的技术支持团队，员工100
28、%为本地员工,Halliburton Testing and Subsea Services 测试和水下服务,Predominantly a direct sales business with no in country support for services.主要开展直销业务，在国内没有支持和服务队伍Direct sales of testing tools to local service companies in China.向在中国的本地公司提供测试工具直销,Halliburton Production Enhancement Services 增产服务,Market leader
29、 in Sand control services to an IOC in Bohai,Acidizing services to an IOC in Sichuan,and Surgifrac services to an independent CBM company.为渤海的一家国际油气公司提供控砂服务的市场领先者，为四川的一家国际油气公司提供酸化服务，为一家煤层气公司提供分段压裂服务Provide multistage fracturing services(pinpoint technology for example)to different NOC subsidiaries i
30、n China.为中国的几家国有油气公司提供多级压裂服务(比如定点压裂技术)Provided multistage Shale gas fracturing services to three NOC horizontal shale gas wells,result of one of the well is the highest flow Shale gas well in China YTD.为中国三家国有油气公司的页岩气水平井提供多级压力，其中一口井的页岩气日产量为迄今为止中国最高Generally Halliburton will supply engineering servic
31、e,downhole tools,materials and supervision,and local service companies will provide pumping equipment(frac pump,water tank,sand silos etc)and personnel to operate it.通常，哈里伯顿提供工程服务、井下工具、材料和作业监督，本地公司提供泵注设备(压裂泵、液罐、砂罐等)及作业人员Strong in country operation and technical team,90%nationalise.在中国拥有一支强大的作业和技术团队，
32、90%为本地员工,Halliburton Boots&Coots Services Boots和Coots 服务,Provide multistage fracturing services(pinpoint technology for example)to different NOC subsidiary in China.向中国几家国有油气公司的下属公司提供多级压裂服务(如定点压裂技术)Worked with the PE department to provide Coil Tubing services for fracturing use on the 2 NOC horizont
33、al shale gas well,China first Shale gas horizontal wells in China.与增产部门协作，为中国页岩气水平井提供连续油管压裂服务，已经用于两口页岩气水平井。Pipeline services support to come out from Singapore管道服务支持由新加坡提供,Unconventional Play Challenges,Structural Complex compared to other shale plays Multiple stacked source rock reservoirs with pot
34、ential Subplays or Sweet Spots have yet to be identified Fluid sampling for Rw,CO2 and HS2 which is in shallower reservoirs Core and Cuttings needed to build a calibrated petrophysical model Stress orientation varies and is strike slip,potentially thrust stress regime Natural Fracture trends not yet
35、 identified Still very much in Exploration Data Acquisition Mode,Reservoir Quality&Deliverability,Reservoir Continuity,Mineralogy,Heterogeneity,Permeability,Total Organic Carbon,Analogous Fields,Geomechanic Understanding,Fluid Sampling,Core/Cuttings,Natural Fractures,Thermal Maturity,Porosity,Keroge
36、n Type,Vertical play concept confirmed and repeatable,but Horizontal has yet to be proved repeatable.,Unconventional Play Challenges,Multi-Zone Vertical or Multi-Stage Horizontal Zone,Build,Length and Landing Point if Horizontal Stage and Well Drainage Areas Optimal Coverage Acceptable load recovery
37、 Dominant open fractures taking all the energy DFITs,Modeling and Monitoring Proppant Pack over time,Maximize Well Productivity,Well Trajectory,Hyd.Fracture Properties,Post Frac Clean UP,Well Architecture,Number of Hydraulic Fractures,Effective Fracture Half-Length,Multiple Zones,Conductivity Endura
38、nce,Well Spacing,Complex Fracture Network,Interval Contribution,Perforating Strategy,Horizontals are what multiple of Verticals?,Unconventional Play Challenges,Insitu Principal Stress vectors and D&C Vertical and Horizontal Components of Hyd.Fracture Pressure and Production Forecasting Statistical O
39、ptimization of Fluid Volume,Proppant Concentration and Rate Pressure and Production History Matching Production Decline Curve Analysis Pressure Transient AnalysisDiagenesis or Shale Extrusion,Improve Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation,Stress Barriers,Stress Direction,Post Fracture Evaluation,Pre-Frac Ev
40、aluation,Frac Fluid Design,Conductivity Endurance,Mechanical Rock Properties,Stress Anisotropy,Hyd.Fracture Geometry,Frac Staging Techniques,Zone Selection,Material Selection,Optimizing Fractures in a Stress Regime we normally walk away from.,Unconventional Play Challenges,Optimize Drilling Efficien
41、cy,Well Bore Isolation,Geomechanic Understanding,Well Placement,Minimize NPT,Reservoir Damage,Hole Instability,Casing Design,Well Bore Integrity,Well Control,Drilling Fluid Properties,Re-entry wells,Well Bore Rugosity,Fluid/Pressure Samples,Finding the Efficiency Frontier for#of Wells and TDing comp
42、lications free.,Unconventional Play Challenges,Optimize Completion Efficiency,D&C Fluid Compatibility,Completions Design,Frac Staging Techniques,Perforating,Zonal Isolation,Production Monitoring,Mechanical Strengths/Loads,Temperature Monitoring,Pressure Monitoring,Well Bore Clean Out,Finding the Eff
43、iciency Frontier for Flow Capacity Enhancement,Unconventional Play Challenges,Production Sustainability,Field Development,Number of Wells,Type of Wells,Field Target Rate,Surface Facilities,Procurement,Logistics,Economic Estimates,Pad/Platform,HSE,Leveraging Scale Economies and Reducing Inefficiencie
44、s Driving Rate of Return,开发时间,Barnett的开发历程1970 5 wells completed1981 1 well drilled(CO2 Foam Frac)1984 11 wells drilled(First 750 Xf XL Gel,3ppg sand w/N2)1985 32 wells drilled(First 1500 Xf XL Gel,1mm#sand)1988 13 wells drilled(Development in Denton Co)1991-First Horizontal test well drilled1993 42
45、 wells drilled(Frac orientation testing)1995 85 wells drilled(Lower XLGel Loading to 20#,2 Horiz.)1997 83 wells drilled(Lower XLGel Loading to 12.5#,1st LSF)1999 211 wells drilled(Incl.Upper Barnett,Refrac program)2000 375 wells drilled(Testing density infill)2001 717 wells drilled(Refrac prog.of 11
46、0 wells)2002-941 wells completed(3rd Horizontal well drilled outside of core)2003 754 wells completed2004-150 horizontal wells completed 2005-+600 horizontal wells completed2006 1000 horizontal wells completed2007-1500 horizontal wells completed2008 Over 8000 Barnett completions total.,案例分析-Eaglefor
47、d,25 口井 2 Years,头45口中有10口显示希望,OptimizationInflection,Green River,Waltman,Antelope,Monterey,Pierre,Cane Creek,Mancos,Bazhenov,Bossier,Kimmeridge,Gothic,Antrim,Marcellus,Utica,Niutitang,Woodford,New Albany,LongMaXi,Niobrara,Muskwa,QiongZhuSi,Bakken,Uteland Butte,SPR/WLFC,中国页岩气开发的挑战,单口井和开发作业不足不透明和浅层次的合
48、作数据质量和数据不足区块划分依照地层构造或区块边界划分盆地构造力活跃有显著地质风险没有建立起最佳实践的标准陆相页岩干扰海洋天然气生产政策和商业化使开发复杂数据采集、设备和经验上欠缺思想误区、期望过高和分析停顿有限的全项服务有经验的服务商,TOC Total Organic Carbon,Core calibration required for thermal maturity evaluation and total kerogen volumetric analysisModel computes TOC from nine possible indicators.Passey Delta
49、 Log R Three methods,RHOB,DT,&NPHISchmokers equation TOCSchmoker=A_Schmoker*(1/RHOBLOG)+B_SchmokerVarious crossplot correlations versus core TOC,RHOB,Uranium,Pyrite,&SulfurNMR vs.Crossplot N-D porosity or Density Porosity undercallSelected TOC indicators are Hodges-Lehmann averaged and compared to c
50、ore lab measurements for validation.,Water Management Increasing Concern 逐步重视水处理Sichuan agricultural industry 四川农业Xinjiang Scarcity 新疆水资源不足Competition from TGS 致密砂岩开发中的竞争Chemical used in O&G is an area of growing scrutiny by public 油气开发中的化学品逐步被重视We must advance our chemical technologies to minimize
