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1、Locomotor System,运动系统,Department of anatomyLuzhou medical college,椎骨：24块骶骨：1块尾骨：1块胸骨：1块肋：12对,躯干骨,一、椎骨,颈椎：7块 胸椎：12块腰椎：5块骶骨1块（骶椎5）尾骨1（尾椎34）,1椎骨的一般形态,椎体Vertebral body 椎弓：突起Vertebral arch,椎孔椎管 椎间孔 Vertebral foramen/canal,Intervertebral foramen,椎体,椎弓根,上关节突,椎孔,横突,椎弓板,棘突,棘突,横突,椎体,上关节突,下关节突,Vertebrae,2各部椎骨的
2、主要特征,上关节突,横突,棘突,棘突,横突,上肋凹,下肋凹,上关节突,横突肋凹,下关节突,（1）胸椎Thoracic vertebrae,肋凹costal foveae(facets)椎体肋凹与肋头相关节。横突肋凹与肋结节相关节。棘突较长，向后下方倾斜，呈叠瓦状排列。,横突孔,椎体,上关节突,椎弓,椎孔,棘突,（2）颈椎Cervical vertebrae,颈椎有横突孔Transverse foramen 椎体较小第26颈椎棘突短而分叉,前结节,横突孔,上关节凹,后弓,前弓,后结节,椎孔,第1颈椎寰椎Atlas,椎动脉沟,前弓后弓侧块齿突凹椎动脉沟,齿突凹,第2颈椎枢椎Axis齿突Dens,第
3、7颈椎隆椎,Cervical Vertebrae,上关节突,椎体,横突,椎弓根,椎弓板,棘突,椎孔,椎体,棘突,下关节突,上关节突,横突,（3）腰椎Lumbar vertebrae,椎体大棘突短，呈宽板状，水平方向后伸。棘突间隙较宽，可作腰椎穿刺术。无横突孔、无肋凹,Sacral cornu,胸骨柄胸骨体 剑突,二 胸骨Sternum,胸骨角：是胸骨柄与胸骨体连接处形成的微向前突的横行隆起，其两侧平对第二肋，是计数肋骨序数的重要标志。它还平对第4胸椎体下缘。,胸骨柄,颈静脉切迹,胸骨角,第二肋切迹,胸骨角,胸骨体,剑突,锁切迹,The manubrium posteriorly-angled
4、joints with the body and forms the sternal angle,which is a major surface landmark used by clinicians in performing physical examinations of the thorax.,Sternum consists of the manubrium,body and xiphoid process.,三 肋rib,数目：共12对17对 真肋 810对 假肋 1112对 浮肋,构成:肋骨+肋软骨,第一肋：上面有斜角肌结节和锁骨下动、静脉沟。,肋骨的形态特点肋头、肋颈和肋结节
5、内、外侧面和肋沟,Anteriorly,the costal cartilages of ribs I to VII articulate with the sternum.The costal cartilages of ribs VIII to X articulate with the inferior margins of the costal cartilages above them.Ribs XI and XII are called floating ribs because they do not articulate with other ribs,costal carti
6、lages,or with sternum.Their costal cartilages are small,only covering their tips.,躯干骨的连结,脊 柱胸 廓,椎间盘,棘上韧带,棘间韧带,前纵韧带,椎弓根,后纵韧带,棘突,椎间孔,1.椎骨间的连结2.脊柱的整体观,（一）脊柱vertebral column,The articulation of the bones of the trunk,Vertebral column,1.椎骨间的连结,(1)椎体间的连结 1)椎间盘Intervertebral disc 纤维环 髓核,椎间盘,髓核,纤维环,椎弓根,椎间孔,
7、髓核,纤维环,Intervertebral discs,椎间盘突出,椎间盘,前纵韧带,后纵韧带,前纵韧带,后纵韧带,2)韧带前纵韧带防止脊柱过度后伸和椎间盘向前脱出后纵韧带限制脊柱过度前屈,黄韧带Ligmentum of flava 围成椎管，限脊柱过屈棘间韧带 棘上韧带：颈部称项韧带横突间韧带 关节突关节,黄韧带,项韧带,横突,关节突关节,The joint of articular process,Interspinous ligament,Intertransverse ligament,Anterior longit.lig.,Interspinous ligament,Posteri
8、or longit.lig.,Supraspinous ligament,(3)寰椎与枕骨及枢椎的关节,1)寰枕关节Atlantooccipital joint 2)寰枢关节：Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢外侧关节 寰枢正中关节,寰枢关节韧带：齿突尖韧带 翼状韧带寰椎横韧带覆膜,2.脊柱整体观及其功能,(1)脊柱的整体观,1)脊柱前面观 2)脊柱后面观 3)脊柱侧面观：有4个生理性弯曲（颈曲、胸曲、腰曲和骶曲）。,(2)脊柱的功能1)支持、保护功能 2)运动功能：可作屈、伸、侧屈、旋转和环转运动。,Vertebral column as a whole,Four curves,Th
9、e movements of the vertebral column,Flexion Circumduction,（二）胸廓 Thoracic cage,胸椎12、肋12对、胸骨1,1.肋椎关节Costovertebral joint,(1)肋头关节(2)肋横突关节,肋头关节,肋横突关节,肋骨,Synchondrosis,by hyaline,2.胸肋关节,胸廓上口Inlet,3.胸廓的整体观及其运动,胸廓上口较小 胸骨柄上缘 第1对肋 第1胸椎椎体,Superior thoracic aperture(Inlet),It consists of the body of vertebra T
10、I posteriorly,the medial margin of rib I on each side,and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly.The posterior margin of the superior thoracic aperture is superior to the anterior margin.Consequently,the plane of the superior thoracic aperture is at an oblique angle,facing somewhat anterior
11、ly.,胸廓下口宽而不整 第12胸椎 第12及第11对肋前端 左、右肋弓 剑突,胸廓下口Outlet,胸肋关节,The inferior thoracic aperture(Outlet),The body of T.vertebra XII posteriorly;The rib XII and the distal end of rib XI posterolaterally;The distal cartilaginous ends of ribs VII to X,which unite to form the costal arches bi-anterolaterally;The xiphoid process anteriorly.The posterior margin of the inferior thoracic aperture is inferior to the anterior margin.,Next time:实习课 Contents:上肢骨及其连结,Thank U,
