科技英文翻译方法.ppt

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1、,专业英语Specialized English 科技英语翻译方法,概 论,什么是科技英语?English for Science and Technology,简称 EST:是一种用英语阐述科学技术的理论、技术、实验和现象等的英语体系,它在词汇、语法和文体诸方面都有自己的特点,从而形成一门专门学科。文章特点:结构严谨 逻辑严密 文体多样 如:论文、综述、实验报告、教材、专利、产品说明书等。,科技英语的语法特点,1.被动语态多 科技英语关心的是“行为、活动、作用、结果”,用作主语,能引起读者对所陈述的事实的注意。在意思的表达方面被动语句通常比主动语句更简洁明了。试比较例句:Mathematic

2、s is used in many different fields.People use mathematics in many different fields.,科技英语的语法特点,2.后置定语多 后置定语即位于其修饰名词之后的定语。In addition to aliphatic compounds,there are a number of hydrocarbons derived from benzene and seemed to have distinctively different chemical properties.除了脂肪族化合物以外,还有许多从苯衍生而来,看来具有

3、明显不同化学性质的烃。aromatic compounds 芳香族化合物,科技英语的语法特点,3.复杂长句多 科技文章要求叙述准确,推理严谨,英语句子往往很长,必须按照汉语习惯翻译成若干简单句。Objectionable hydrogen sulfide is removed from such a gas or from naturally occurring hydrocarbon gases by washing with various alkaline solutions in which it is absorbed.,要从这样的煤气或天然存在的烃类气体中除去令人讨厌的硫化氢,就要

4、用能吸收硫化氢的各种碱液来洗涤。,科技英语的语法特点,4.词类转换多 即在翻译时将英文的某种词类译成汉语的另一词类。产生这一现象的根本原因在于英汉两种语言在表达方式上有很大差别,因此在翻译时,应符合各自的表达习惯。The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。此外,新词、缩略词不断出现,构词手法灵活多变。,科技英语的教学目的,词汇(构词法、词头、词尾、缩写词词汇的构成)阅读与翻译(较熟练地阅读和翻译英文化学文献)写作(论文英文摘要和简单综述)听、说能力,科技英语翻译基础,一、

5、简介二、单词译法三、词类转换的译法 四、句子成分转换的译法 五、词序转变的译法六、被动语态七、后置定语八、长句(难句),简介:翻译的总原则,确切理解和掌握原文内容 不能主观地发挥个人的想法和推测 运用汉语把原文通顺流畅地表达出来,科技英语翻译标准,信(true):准确无误地传达原文的真实含义 达(smooth):通顺地表达原文的含义 专业术语正确:一定要使用专业术语,不能说外行话例如:the iron and steel industry 钢铁工业 化学术语:combine-化合 break down-分解 decompose-分解 dissociate-离解 neutralize-中和 re

6、place-取代 oxidize-氧化 reduce-还原,科技英语翻译标准,表达化学反应常用的一般性动词:react(reaction),obtain,form,convert,produce,give,yield,等 Acids react with certain metals to produce hydrogen.A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen forms ammonia in the reaction.Silver hydroxide is easy to break down into the oxide and water.工作、劳动、做事

7、-指人 运转、转动、活动-指机械、身体器官等,翻译过程,理解阶段 阅读全篇文章,领略大意,理解原文 明辨语法,弄清关系,结合上下文,逐句推敲 表达阶段 把已经理解了的内容叙述出来 校对阶段 对上两个阶段(理解、表达阶段)的内容进行校对,The homologs of benzene are those containing an alkyl group or alkyl groups in place of one more hydrogen atoms.homolog hmlg:同系物;alkyl lkil:烷基 苯的同系物就是那些被一个或多个烷基取代一个或多个氢原子所形成的产物。(模糊)苯

8、的同系物是那些苯环上含有取代一个氢的单烷基或取代多个氢的多烷基的物质。(清晰),例句练习,科技英语构词特点,一是外来语多(希腊语、拉丁语)二是构词方法多常规的构词法转化、派生、合成法 转化法(conversion):一种词类转化成另一种词类 water(n.水)water(v.浇水)charge(n.电荷)charge(v.充电)yield(n.产率)yield(v.生成)dry(a.干的)dry(v.烘干),科技英语构词特点,派生法(derivation):通过加前、后缀构成一个新词如:“烷烃”alkane“甲烷”methane 词尾变化:alkene alkyne alcohol alky

9、l“-ene”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-yl”“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“基”monoxide 一氧化物 dioxide 二氧化物,科技英语构词特点,合成法(composition):两个或更多的词合成一个词(有时需加连字符)well-known carbon steel rust-resistance by-product atomic weight periodic table acid ionization constant activization energy common ion effect rate of a reaction,科技英语构词特点,压缩法(shortening

10、)只取词头字母:TOEFL:Test of English as a Foreign Language 托福ppm:parts per million 百万分之一CET:College English Test 大学英语水平考试m.p.:melting point 熔点将单词删去一些字母:lab:laboratory 实验室 Kilo:kilogram 千克,科技英语构词特点,混成法(blending):把两个词的一头一尾连在一起,构成一个新词。positron=positive electron 正的电子=正电子aldehyde=alcohol dehydrogenation 醇脱氢=醛sm

11、og=smoke fog 烟雾=烟雾medicare=medical care 医学的照管=医疗保障,科技英语构词特点,符号法(signs):and,和:and或or,“和”或“或”$:dollar,美元 lb:pound,英镑¥:yuan,元,RMB 字母形象法(letter symbolizing)U-pipe:U形管 X-ray:X射线 V-belt:V带,常用的前后缀、词根,a-加在单词或词根前面,表示“不,无,非”asocial 不好社交的(a+social 好社交的)amoral 非道德性的(a+moral 道德的)apolitical 不关政治的(a+political 政治的)

12、加在单词前,表示“在,的”asleep 睡着的(a+sleep 睡觉)alive 活的(a+live 活),常用的前后缀、词根,ab-,abs-:表示“相反,变坏,离去”等 abnormal 畸形,不正常的(ab+normal 正常的)absent 缺席的(ab+sent 出现没有出现)abstract 抽出,提炼,摘录(abs+tract 拉被拉开)特例:absolve 免除,赦免,解除 absorb 吸收,常用的前后缀、词根,ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-:表示“一再”等加强意 accelerate 加速(ac+celer 速度一再增加速度)accumula

13、te 积累(ac+cumul 堆积+ate堆积起来)affirm 肯定(af+firm 坚定肯定)aggression 侵略,进攻(ag+gress 走+ion一再往前走)announce 通告(an+nounce 通知通告)arrange 安排(ar+range 排列安排),科技英语翻译基础,一、简介二、单词译法三、词类转换的译法 四、句子成分转换的译法 五、词序转变的译法六、被动语态七、后置定语八、长句(难句),单词译法,名词单复数的译法 可数名词复数前没有数量词时,一般要把复数含义翻译出来,即在名词前加译“一些、这些、许多”等词 例:The teacher may be asked qu

14、estions.可以向老师提一些问题(=some questions)。若能通过汉语译文的上下文体会出该复数的含义时,可不必译该复数含义。例:They are students of Southeast University.他们是东南大学的学生。,单词译法,名词单复数的译法 当名词(可数、不可数)用复数表示泛指或一类时,视上下文而定,有时加译“各种、多种”。例1:They will mix freely with other organic compounds and are often soluble in organic solvents 它们能与其它有机化合物自由地混合并能溶于多种有机

15、溶剂。(泛指,最好译出)例2:Properties of non-metals vary widely 非金属的性质差异很大。(不译),单词译法,名词单复数的译法 a/an+名词单数表示一类时,不译出不定冠词“a/an”例1:Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal 盐也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢而获得。例2:An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions in water soluti

16、on and a base as one that would form hydroxide ions in the same 人们曾把酸定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的物质,而碱则是在同样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子的物质。,单词译法,数词复数词组的译法 单位问题 thousand system 103 英语:million(106)billion(1012)tens of magazines 几十本杂志类似的:dozens of(几十,许多),decades of(几十年)hundreds of(数百,几百),thousands of(数千)例1:These books are packed in

17、 tens.这些书每十本装一包。例2:These products are counted by hundreds 这些产品是成百成百地计数的。,单词译法,数词复数词组的译法 当数词复数用of 连续相连时,其最终数字范围应是该几个数字的乘积例:Tens of thousands of foreign friends visit this factory every year 10 x 1000=万 几万人习惯短语 ten to one 十之八九 a hundred and one 许多的 second to none 首屈一指 of the order of 大约,单词译法,词义引伸的译法 T

18、he two pairs of electrons of oxygen may be shared with two separate carbons forming only single bond.氧的两对电子可以与两个单独的(不直接相连的)碳共用而形成单键。In the reaction both the acid and the base are neutralized forming water and salts.在该反应中,酸与碱彼此中和而生成水和盐。,单词译法,词的增译及省译 一般现在时:一般无需加减字,但在表示主语特征时,可在动词前面加译“能、可、会”。例1:High tem

19、perature causes dramatic changes in the properties of rubber.高温能/可/会使橡胶的性能发生惊人的变化。例2:The presence of an acid stronger than nitric acid accelerates the reaction.比硝酸更强的酸的存在能/可/会加速反应。,单词译法,词的增译及省译 一般过去时:(1)可在动词前后添加“已、曾、过”等;(2)或于句首添加“以前、当时、过去”等时间副词 例1:The extraction behavior of nickel with PAN was repor

20、ted in detail.PAN与镍萃取行为被详细报道过。例2:Organic compounds were once thought to be produced only by living organism 以前曾认为有机化合物只能从有生命的机体产生。,单词译法,词的增译及省译 完成时:动词前加“已经”、“曾经”,或后面加“了”、“过”。例1:The carbon has lost electrons and the oxygen has gained electrons in the change 在变化中碳失去了电子,而氧获得了电子。例2:The extraction behavi

21、or of nickel with PAN has been reported in detail.PAN与镍的萃取行为曾经被详细报道过。,单词译法,词的增译及省译 增译表示动作意义的名词“作用、过程、现象、情况、变化”等 例1:Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。例2:The principle of adsorption is very complex.吸附过程的原理很复杂。,科技英语翻译基础,一、简介二、单词译法三、词类转换的译法 四、句子成分转换的译法 五、词序转变的译法六、被动语态七、后置定语八、长句(难句),词类转

22、换的译法,名词的转译 形容词化 The maiden voyage of the newly-built steamship was a success.那艘新造轮船的处女航是成功的。动词化 Total determination of molecular structure is possible by means of X-ray diffraction.用x射线衍射的方法可以全面地确定/测定分子结构。,词类转换的译法,动词的转译 名词化 例1:An acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction 酸与碱的反应是一个质子转移的反应。例

23、2:Many chemical reactions need heat to make them take place 很多化学反应的发生都需要热/加热。例3:The methyl group on the benzene ring greatly facilitates the nitration of toluene.苯环上的甲基使甲苯非常易于硝化。,词类转换的译法,形容词的转译名词化 例1:Generally speaking,methane series are rather inert.总的来说,甲烷系的烃惰性很强。例2:Zirconium is almost as strong a

24、s steel,but lighter.锆的强度几乎与钢的相等,但它比钢轻。动词化(表示“愿望、心理、情感”等)例:They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.他们对实验中获取的数据非常满意。,词类转换的译法,副词的转译动词化 例1:The chemical experiment is over 例2:The reaction force to this action force pushes the rocket ship along.这个作用力所产生的反作用力推动宇宙飞船前进。形容词化 例:This f

25、ilm is uniformly thin.介词的转译Salts may be formed by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal,化学实验结束了。,该膜薄而均匀。,盐可以通过用金属置换酸中的氢来制取。,科技英语翻译基础,一、简介二、单词译法三、词类转换的译法 四、句子成分转换的译法 五、词序转变的译法六、被动语态七、后置定语八、长句(难句),句子成分转换的译法,把句子的某一成分译成另一成分(如主语宾语等)主语的转译 例1:Methane is less than half as heavy as water 甲烷的重

26、量不到水的一半。(主语 定语)例2:Organic compounds are not soluble in water because there is no tendency to separate their molecules into ions 有机化合物不溶于水,因为水没有将它们的分子分离成离子的倾向。(主语 宾语),句子成分转换的译法,把句子的某一成分译成另一成分(如主语宾语等)主语的转译 例3:When a copper plate is put into the sulfuric acid electrolyte,very few of its atoms dissolve.

27、(主语 状语)当将铜片置于硫酸电解液中时,几乎没有铜原子溶解。例4:Evaporation emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals.蒸发着重于将溶液浓缩,而不是生成和析出晶体。(主语 谓语),句子成分转换的译法,谓语的转译 例1:Thus,an acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction(谓语 主语)因此,酸与碱的反应是一个质子转移的反应。例2:The melting point of alkane

28、s are rather irregular at first,but tend to rise somewhat steadily as the molecules become larger(谓语 宾语)烷烃的熔点起初很不规则,但随着分子的增大,则有些稳步上升的趋势。,句子成分转换的译法,宾语的转译 例:Light makes vision possible.有了光才能看见东西。(宾语 谓语)表语的转译 例1:Matter is anything that occupies space.凡占有空间的都是物质。(表语 主语)例2:Structure analysis is common to

29、 most organic research.结构分析普遍应用于大多数的有机研究。(表语 谓语),句子成分转换的译法,定语的转译 例:There are two groups of metals:pure metals and their alloys.金属有两大类:纯金属及其合金。(定语 主语)状语的转译 例1:TNT is simple and relatively safe to manufacture 制造TNT简单而且比较安全。(状语 谓语)例2:The attractive force between the molecules is negligibly small.分子间的吸引

30、力小得可以忽略不计。(状语 补语),句子成分转换的译法,定语的转译 例:There are two groups of metals:pure metals and their alloys.金属有两大类:纯金属及其合金。(定语 主语)状语的转译 例3:In the simplest chemical cell,the electrolyte is a solution of sulfuric acid in water.(状语 定语)在最简单的化学电池内,电解液是硫酸的水溶液。,科技英语翻译基础,一、简介二、单词译法三、词类转换的译法 四、句子成分转换的译法 五、词序转变的译法六、被动语态七

31、、后置定语八、长句(难句),词序转变的译法,译文的词序与原文的词序不同的一种翻译方法。英译汉时,有时词序相同,有时词序不同,是否改变词序,取决于:译文正确,符合汉语表达习惯。A six-carbon ring structure in the form of a hexagon with alternate single and double bond was assigned to benzene 一种六碳环,六角形,单双键交替的结构,被指定为苯。必须打乱词序:苯被指定为单键和双键交错的由六个碳组成的六角形的环形结构。,词序转变的译法,系表结构的词序转变 例:The alternate do

32、uble bond arrangement in the six-carbon ring is aromatics characteristic.芳香烃的特性是六个碳原子组成的环上双键交替排列。宾语的词序转变 宾语有时译在动词(包括谓语、现在分词、动名词)之前,同时加译“将、把、给、使、让、对”。例:We can transform water into two gases by passing an electric current through it 把电通入水中,我们就能把水变为两种气体。,词序转变的译法,同位语的词序转变 例:We call such a zinc atom an i

33、on with a double positive charge,Zn2+.我们称这种带两个正电荷的锌原子为锌离子,用Zn2+表示。定语的词序转变 例1:Generally speaking,the fuel available is coal 一般来说,可用的燃料是煤。例2:The voltage of CPU should not exceed the maximum permissible CPU的电压不应超过允许的最大值。,词序转变的译法,状语的词序转变 例1:Being alloyed with certain metals,aluminum can be strengthened.

34、铝和某些金属熔合后,强度会增大。例2:Many industrial operation can be carried out in either of two ways which may be called batch and continuous operations 许多工业操作可用间歇操作或连续操作来完成。,科技英语翻译基础,一、简介二、单词译法三、词类转换的译法 四、句子成分转换的译法 五、词序转变的译法六、被动语态七、后置定语八、长句(难句),被动语态的译法,仍译成被动句The atomic theory was not accepted until the last centu

35、ry.原子学说直到上个世纪才为/被(人们)所接受。Other evaporation processes will be discussed briefly 其它一些蒸发过程将简单地加以讨论。Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceof fundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredby historiansandphilosophersof science.(考研)多年来,工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学哲学家们忽视了。,被动语态的译法,译成汉语主动句译成汉语的

36、无主语句:将英语句中的主语译成汉语中的宾语,即先译谓语,后译主语(主谓变序)例1:Measures have been taken to diminish air pollution.已经采取了一些措施来减少空气污染。例2:If the product is a new compound,the structure must be proved independently 如果产物是一个新的化合物,则必须单独证明其结构。,被动语态的译法,译成汉语的有主语句 当英语被动句中主语为无生命的名词,而且没有by引导,无须加任何词直接译成主动句。例1:The speed of molecules is

37、increased when they are heated.当分子受热时,其速度就加快。例2:Energy is being transformed from one form into another every moment.用英语句中的动作者作汉语中的主语 例:The molecules are held together by attractive forces.引力把分子聚积在一起。,每时每刻,能量都在由一种形式变为另一种形式。,被动语态的译法,可加译“人们、我们、大家、有人”等主语 例1:The metal,iron in particular,is known to be an

38、 important material in engineering 大家知道,金属,特别是铁,是工程方面的重要材料。例2:If one or more electrons are removed,the atom is said to be positively charged.如果原子失去了一个或多个电子,我们就说这个原子带正电荷。,被动语态的译法,在原主语前加“把、将、使、给”等词 例1:Absorption process is therefore conveniently divided into two groups:physical process and chemical pr

39、ocess 因此,可以将吸收过程简单地分为两类:物理过程和化学过程。例2:Hydrochloric acid(HCl)was added to the solution to enhance acidity 将盐酸加到溶液中以增强酸性。例3:The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy through a generator.发电机可以把机械能再转变为电能。,科技英语中常用的被动句型,It is considered that 人们认为It is understood that 大家都明白;不用说;当然It i

40、s suggested that 有人建议It is noticed that 人们注意到It is asserted that 有人主张/声称/断言 It is believed that 有人认为It is well known that 大家知道(众所周知)It will be said 有人会说It was told that 有人曾经说It is stressed that 有人强调说,科技英语中常用的被动句型,It has been objected that 有人反驳It is hoped that 希望 It is reported that 据报道It is said tha

41、t 据说It is supposed that 据推测It must be admitted that 必须承认It must be pointed out that 必须指出It will be seen from this that 由此可见It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说,科技英语中常用的被动句型,It has been found that 已经发现;实践证明It must be realized that 必须了解(认识、明白)It must be kept in mind that.必须记住It is

42、 preferred that 最好It is generally recognized that 通常认为;一般公认It can be foreseen that 可以预料It can not be denied that 无可否认It is described as 被描述成It is accepted as 被承认/接受为It is defined as 被下定义为;定义是,科技英语翻译基础,一、简介二、单词译法三、词类转换的译法 四、句子成分转换的译法 五、词序转变的译法六、被动语态七、后置定语八、长句(难句),后置定语的译法,后置定语:位于名词或代词之后的定语介词短语作后置定语:翻译

43、成“的”例1:In general,ethers are good solvents for fats,waxes and resins 例2:The presence of a substituent group in benzene exerts a profound control over both orientation and the ease of introduction of the entering substituent 苯中取代基的存在对进入基团的方位及进入的难易程度起着强有力的控制作用。,醚通常是脂肪、蜡、树脂的良好溶剂。,后置定语的译法,后置定语:位于名词或代词之后

44、的定语形容词(或其短语)作后置定语:翻译成“的”例1:Acetylene is hydrocarbon especially high in heat value.乙炔是热值特别高的烃。例2:All of the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are alike and have properties intermediate between those of a single and a double bond 苯中所有的碳-碳键都相似,具有介于单键和双键之间的性质。,后置定语的译法,不定时、现在分词、过去分词作后置定语 例1:Man was not the

45、first living thing to communicate through the use of sound.(不定式短语做后置定语)人并不是第一个用声音进行交流的生物。例2:The air is a material containing many kinds of gases.空气是含有许多气体的一种物质。(现在分词短语作后置定语)例3:The functional group of a ketone consists of a carbon atom connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom 酮的官能团是由一个通过双键与氧原子相连的

46、碳原子组成的。(过去分词短语作后置定语),后置定语的译法,定语从句作后置定语 译成含“的”字定语限制性定语 例1:Compounds have very different appearances from the element of which they are made.化合物的形态与构成它们的元素极不相同。例2:When fuels burn,they return once more to the simpler materials out of which they were made 燃料燃烧时,又转变成原来构成它们的那些更加简单的物质。例3:The rate at which

47、the molecules move depends upon the energy they have,分子运动的速率取决于分子所具有的能量。,后置定语的译法,定语从句作后置定语 译成表示同等关系的并列分句(加译“其、它、这”等)例1:An acid is a compound whose solutions can produce hydrogen ions 酸是这样一种化合物,其溶液能产生氢离子。例2:The elements themselves were changing,which was something that had always been thought impossi

48、ble by all but the old alchemists.这些元素本身也在变化,这是除了古代的炼金术士以外,人们认为不可能的事情。,后置定语的译法,定语从句作后置定语 译成表示同等关系的并列分句(加译“其、它、这”等)例3:One of the homolog of benzene is toluene which is the raw material for the manufacture of the explosive 苯的一个同系物是甲苯,它是制造炸药的原料。例4:Between these two tiny particles,the proton and the ele

49、ctron,there is a powerful attraction that always present between negative and positive electric charges 在质子和电子这两个微粒之间有一个很大的吸引力,而这个吸引力总是存在于正、负电荷之间。,后置定语的译法,定语从句作后置定语 译成表示转折的并列分句(加译“而、但、却、可”等)例1:Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms that are composed of nuclear and electron.物质是由分子

50、组成的,而分子又是由原子组成,(而)原子又是由原子核和电子组成的。例2:Mild oxidation of a alcohol gives an aldehyde which may be further oxidized to an organic acid.醇的轻度氧化生成醛,而醛能进一步氧化生成有机酸。,后置定语的译法,定语从句作后置定语 译成表示转折的并列分句(加译“而、但、却、可”等)例1:Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms that are composed of nuclear and electr

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