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1、,Language is power!语言就是力量！,英语句子重音、语调、连读、弱读、爆破及意群,句子重音,Must I stick it on myself?Must I stick it on myself?Must I stick it on myself?,在连贯的话语中，不可能所有的词都同样重要，必然有些词较为关键，有些词则相对次要一些。一般来说，关键词需要重读，这就是句子重音，而其他词则不必重读。,名词、实义动词、形容词、副词、数词、指示代词、疑问词和感叹词等一般都重读。而冠词、介词、连词和一般性的代词则不重读。,Note,What s the matter?The sweater
2、 is beautiful.Your book is on the desk.He started counting it.He usually gets up at six oclock.,助动词、情态动词和be动词是否有句子重音？,1.助动词、情态动词和be动词一般没有句子重音，但在附加句中可以重读，在简答句中则必须重读：He wont do it,will he?No he wont.You can do it,cant you?Yes,I can.You were trying,werent you?Yes,I was.2.助动词、情态动词和be动词与not连成一词时要重读：She d
3、oesnt like the weather here.I cant speak French。They arent waiting for us.He isnt a tech nician.,3.be用在一般疑问句句首时，重读与否均可：Is he a worker?Is he a worker?比较句中的重音在比较句中，重音落在as或than后的代（名）词上：This is better than that.John is taller than Bill.Shes as happy as a lark.Hes as sly as a fox.,逻辑重音,句子的重音总是要表现说话人的思想和他
4、所要表达的意思的重点。有时为了强调，句子中几乎任何词都可以有句子重音，包括一些通常没有句子重音的词，这种依说话者意图重读的音就是逻辑重音。,Are you angry with me?Are you angry with me?Are you angry with me?Did you tell my wife?Did you tell my wife?Did you tell my wife?We heard John talking.We heard John talking.We heard John talking.,语调,英语语调主要有降调、升调和平调三大类。不同的语调可以表示说话人
5、不同的态度和不同的隐含意思。英语中同一句话采用不同的语调会产生截然不同的语意概念。如“Yes”。语调具有强烈的感情色彩，它使语言更富有表现力。,用于陈述句I have already read that book.That street is two miles long.用于特殊疑问句What has happened to him?Which direction is it to the post office?注意：特殊疑问句有时可用升调表示请别人重复刚说过的话：What is your major?Where shall we go for the holiday?,降调,用于祈使句G
6、o back to your seat!Please do not hesitate to contact me.用于感叹句What a small world!Oh!My poor Mathilde,how youve changed!用于选择疑问句中“or”之后的部分Do you want to ride or walk?Would you like coffee or tea?,用于一般疑问句Do you mind if I sit here?Can you hand in your compositions today?注意：一般疑问句有时也可用降调，表示一种不耐烦的口气，或表示命令等
7、。Are you satisfied?Will you take off your hat,please?,升调,用于罗列中最后一项之前的各项For each incomplete sentence,there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.We study Chinese,history,geography,and English.用于陈述句，表示疑问、怀疑、未定、猜测或期待等Your really want to do it?She might have gone.I think so.,用于置于句首的状语短语或状语从句After dinner,I
8、 read a magazine and made telephone calls.While you were writing letters,I was reading a book.用于并列句的第一个分句，表示句子还未说完My fever is gone,but I still have a cough.My major is English,and I like it.用于委婉祈使句Excuse me,sir.Can you help me?用于称呼语Mrs.Smith,this is Tom Jones.,用于直接引语后，表示话是谁说的“We are going to Florida
9、,”she said brightly.“How do you feel,boy?”I asked him.,平调,“连读”是在一个意群内进行的，它是在说话较快时自然产生的一种语音连读现象。在同一意群中，前一词以辅音音素结尾，后一词以元音音素开头，在说话或朗读句子时，习惯上很自然地将这两个音素合拼在一起读出来，这种语音现象叫连读。连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。,连读,如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。,1.“辅音+元音”,come out look at take it off beat it drop in
10、put on bend over keep on an orange read it one of us half an hour stand up put it on not at all first of all a cup of tea take it easy back in a minute in an hour pick it up an hour and a half let him in A group of people put on their coats and went out.,i.英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别
11、是/j/开头，此时也要连读。Thankyou.ii.音的同化也是一种连读的现象，两个词之间非常平滑的过渡，导致一个音受临音影响而变化。t d s z+j 要发生音变。,2.“辅音+半元音”,辅音t与j相邻时，被同化为t：t+j t Nice to meetyou.Cantyou do it?Ill letyou know.Is thatyour car?No,notyet.,辅音d与j相邻时，被同化为d：d+j dDidyou get there lateagain?Wouldyou likea cupof tea？Couldyou help me,please?,辅音s与j相邻时,被同化为：
12、s+j God blessyou.Canyou dressyourself?I missyou.,辅音z与j相邻时,被同化为：z+j How wasyour vacation?He saysyoure good.,如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。DoI?Youre ju sohonest.Iam Chinese.Heis very friendly to me.She wants to studyEnglish.Howand why did you come here?She cant carryit.Itll take you three
13、hours to walk there.The question is tooeasy for him to answer.,3.“元音+元音”,爆破音/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/和摩擦音/f/，/v/，/W/,其中任意2个相临时，前一个音会轻音化，即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的音。如果这些音在词尾，也要轻音化。Si(t)downcontac(t)lensDa(d)told)megoo(d)nightThe girl in the re(d)coat was on a bla(ck)bike jus(t)now.The bi(g)bus from
14、the fa(c)tory is full of people.Wha(t)time does he get up every morning?This is an ol(d)pi(c)ture of a bi(g)car.The ol(d)do(c)tor has a ca(t),too.,4.“辅音+辅音”,如果前词尾辅音与后词尾辅音相同，前辅音省略。I was so happy.I have got to go.I have gotta go.(to轻音化为ta)Doyou want to dance?do you wanna dance?(to轻音化为na),Note,以辅音结尾的单词
15、+h开头的单词，h不发音，与前面的辅音连读。Tellher I missher.What wil(l he)wilido?Ha(s he)zi doneit before?Mus(t he)ti go?Can he ni do it?Should he di.?Tell him to ask her.Lea(ve him)vim.,Note,28,5.“/r/+元音”,如果前一个词是以-r或-re结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的r 或re不但要发/r/,而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。far away after all for ever a pair of our own there is
16、 for example After all,this is our own home.There is a football under it.There are some books on the desk.Here is a letter for you.Here are four eggs.,如果一个音节的前后都有字母r，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。,Note,The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.,（nearer与and不可连读）,当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也不可连读。
17、Isit ahat or a cat?（hat与or之间不可以连读）Thereisa good book in my desk.（book与in之间不可以连读）Can you speakEnglish or French?（English与or之间不可以连读）Shall we meet ateight or ten tomorrow morning?（meet与 at，eight与or之间不可以连读）She opened the door and walkedin.（door与and之间不可以连读）,不可连读的情况,朗读下列短语，注意连读,a block_of flats the corner
18、_of the street a tin_of peas the top_of the mountain a piece_of cake in_a foreign country a glass_of water an_instant success a cup_of tea such_a short time nice clear_air send_it by mail an_English girl wait_a moment a nice_idea a lot_of noise a visit to_India once_in_a while an_apology a waste_of
19、time made_up_of not_in the least in_America War_and Peace out_of date Out_of Africa wait_and see Death_on the Nile have_a rest The Wizard_of Oz Alice_in Wonderland times_up a mother_of three Cat_on a Hot Tin Roof,Were going to work on a farm nex(t)Tuesday.What would you like,ho(t)tea or bla(ck)coffe
20、e?Its a very col(d)day,but its a goo(d)day.You can put i(t)down in the bi(g)garden.I bought a chea(p)book,but its a goo(d)book.I wen(t)there alone a(t)nine las(t)night.-Do you know his bi(ke)number?-Sorry,I don(t)know.The forty-firs(t)lesson is qui(te)difficult.He needs a lot o(f)money.,朗读下列句子，注意连读,
21、朗读下列文章，注意连读,一个英文单词如果由多个音节构成，那么其中至少有一个音节是重音；如果，音节足够多的话，那么可能还有次重音以及一个以上的重音。同样的道理，一个句子由多个单词构成，那么，其中总是有至少一个单词被强读，而相对来看，其它的单词会被弱读。,弱读,弱读的规则一般是：元音音节弱化成 或i。如下几个单词：at,of,the,to,as,than,and,or,his,a,an,but,been,for,her,we,be,shall,was,them,弱读的频率达到90，其中a,an,the,than极少用强式。查字典会发现这些词都至少有两种读音，如for:重读时f:,弱读时 f；as的
22、强读形式是/z/，弱读形式是/z/。,Note,大多助动词、系动词、介词、连词、冠词、代词，都有两种发音形式：强读式、弱读式。这些单词往往都是单音节单词。,Note,1）弱读形式和强读形式各自的元音不同。2）弱读音节中常常省略了某一个音。,弱读与强读的区别,如果一个单词被强读，那么这个单词中的：长元音会被读的很清楚，并且显得更长一些；双元音会被读的很饱满，并且显得很有弹性；落在重音上的短元音都会显得更长一些；重音所在的音节可能带着不同的语调（升调、降调、降升调）如果一个单词被弱读，那么这个单词中的：长元音会变得短一些（几乎与短元音的长度相当）；重音音节会变得与非重音音阶一样轻；很多元音都会发生
23、变化，向/靠拢；轻辅音/s/、/t/、/k/、/f/之后的元音/可能会直接被省略掉,弱读的形式,1.大多数有弱读形式的单词中，元音都变成了/；at/t/;as/z/;had/hd/；must/mst/2有少数几个单词的弱读形式变成了i/；be/i/；been/bin/；me/mi/；the/i/3.有时，一些常用词的弱读形式中省略了一个元音。am/m/；has/z/；have/v/；is/z/4.有时，一些常用的弱读形式中省略了一个辅音。and/n/；have/v/；would/d/；her/:/,要在连贯说话中应用弱读形式，不是懂得了道理就能学会的，也不是一朝一夕就能掌握的，需要通过大量的模
24、仿和练习才能学好。,1)to/t/but/bt/I want to come but I cant.2)and/nd/Hes rich and famous.3)than/n/n/Better than that.Hes older than she is.4)but/bt/She wants to sing but she cant.5)such/st/We have problems,such as pollution.,朗读下列句子，注意弱读,6)some/sm/There are some copies here.7)any/ni/There arent any more.8)he/h
25、i/Does he want any?9)her/h/Ive met her mother.10)him/im/Tell him Id like to.11)them/m/m/I havent seen them yet.,12)you/j/What do you think?13)your/j/Take your time.14)us/s/Let us think it over.15)that/t/This is the house that Jack built.16)at/t/At least one.17)for/f/Its for you.,18)from/frm/He comes
26、 from England.19)of/v/Id love a cup of tea.20)to/t/You ought to go.21)an/n/Id like an apple.22)the/i/Thats the one.23)am/m/Im going now.,24)are/Where are you going?25)is/z/s/Hes here.My hat is here.26)was/wz/Was he there?27)were/w/We were very pleased.28)have/hv/,/v/,/v/Theyve left.Have any been los
27、t?,29)had/hd/,/d/They had better hurry.30)has/z/What has he done?He has just arrived.31)do/du/,/d/Do you think so?32)does/dz/When does he leave?33)can/kn/,/kn/Can you hear me?34)could/kd/Could you do it now?,35)should/d/How should I know?36)there/There is nothing left.There are not enough.37)shall/l
28、,l/How shall I do like that?38)when/wn/Her parents had been dead when she was a child.39)will/l,l/He will go back home tomorrow.40)would/wd,d,d/He would be happy if he had passed the exam.,失去爆破不完全爆破,爆破,辅音发音分类,按发音方法可分为：爆破音：p b t d k g摩擦音：f v s z h 破擦音：t ts dz tr dr 鼻音：m n 舌侧音：l卷舌音：r半元音：w j,当一个爆破音后面紧跟
29、着另一个爆破音时，前面的爆破音不发生爆破。方法是：对于前一个爆破音，只作发音的姿势，刚要发出时，立即发出第二个爆破音。这种现象叫做失去爆破。,失去爆破,爆破音+爆破音（爆破音：/p,b,t,d,k,g/）what time/wt taim/goodbye/,gudbai/bedtime/bedtaim/big kite/big kait/,形式,大声朗读双爆破音失去爆破,kept blackboard notebook GoodbyeMy father kept working till midnight.Please write the answer on the blackboard.Wr
30、ite the answer in your notebook.Id like to say goodbye to everyone.He has a bad cold today.You should take care of the children.Glad to meet you.,1.book-keeper2.handbag3.blackboard4.September5.sit down6.used to7.that time8.a red car,9.He used to swim.10.Are you used to the food here?11.I had a bad c
31、old.12.I bought a red handbag.13.Tommy is a good book-keeper.14.He likes to talk big.15.I stop to select the black car pass.16.I expect to join the football team.,当一个爆破音后面紧跟着一个摩擦音或破擦音时，前面的爆破音只作部分爆破。方法是：对于前一个爆破音，作好发音的姿势，刚发出时，立即过渡到第二个摩擦音或破擦音上去。第一个爆破音发出的声音是非常轻微的，有时甚至听不出来。这种现象叫做不完全爆破。,不完全爆破,爆破音+摩擦音或破擦音（
32、摩擦音：/f,v,s,z,h/）（破擦音：/ts,dz,tr,dr,t,d/）picture/pik t/big jug/big d/good child/gud taild/that joke/t duk/,形式1,爆破音+鼻辅音或舌边音（鼻辅音：/m,n,/）（舌边音：/l/）good morning/gud m:ni/big nation/big nein/mad man/md mn/correct note/k rekt nut/,形式2,AdvanceSuccessPictureObjectA good jobMy best friend.,I feel it Thursday He
33、 has a good job.Tom is my best friend.Have you got that?Have you heard from Mary?Im not feeling well!He arrived at school at nine!,鼻腔爆破舌边爆破摩擦爆破破擦爆破,不完全爆破,鼻腔爆破,爆破音t d和鼻辅音m与n 相邻，爆破音形成阻碍，发生不完全爆破，在词末必须通过鼻腔爆破。,/tn/writtenBritaincertainfrightenwhitenesspartnerwitnessat nightstart now what next/dn/hiddenbu
34、rdenpardonwoodensadnesskidneygood nightred nosebread knife,/tm/excitement atmosphere a bit more white mice eight men/dm/admit sad music a good many broad minded,button,garden,midnight,Good morning,sir.Good night.a good mother He often comes home at midnight.He has always been a good neighbor.Her goo
35、dness was apparent to everyone.,舌边爆破,爆破音t d k后面紧跟着的是舌侧音l时，这种辅音组合在语音学里叫做舌边爆破。,/tl/little battle settle cattle bottle/dl/middlemuddlemodelneedle,Lately,badly,madly,recently,quickly I have been very busy lately.I havent seen him lately.Have you been there lately?He slept badly.His foot was badly hurt.I
36、ve been quite badly off recently.,摩擦爆破,爆破音后紧跟着的是摩擦音/f,v,s,z,h/时，这种辅音组合在语音学里叫做摩擦爆破。,advance You must pay in advance.Can I have an advance on my salary?What would your advice be in this case?What would you advise me to do.Keep that in mind.,破擦爆破,爆破音后面紧跟着的是破擦音/ts,dz,tr,dr,t,d/时这种辅音组合在语音学里叫做破擦爆破。,Pictur
37、e,Object I had my picture taken yesterday.Do you know how do you draw a picture?You shouldnt treat women like objects.He stood up and objected in strong language.,pp:ripe pearpb:soap bubblept:cup tie 英国足球淘汰赛pd:deep downpk:pipe cleaner烟斗杆子pg:lamp glass,朗读下列句子，注意爆破,bp:rob Peterbb:rub brisklybt:obtainb
38、d:cab driverbk:Bob camebg:describe Greentp:wet paint,tb:pocketbooktt:fast traintd:great dealtk:not cleantg:white goosedb:card board,dt:good timedd:field daydk:red carddg:good girlkp:silk pursekb:ink bottle,kt:actorkd:public dutykk:black catkg:park gategp:flag polegb:dog biscuit,kg:park gategp:flag p
39、olegb:dog biscuitgt:rag timegd:dig down gk:eggcupgg:big girl,句子意群,句子意群是指句子中按意思和语法结构划分出的各个成分，每一个成分即称为一个意群。意群可以用“l”符号表示。,在说话和朗读时，意群的作用是：如果感到句子很长，一口气说不下来，可以在意群和意群之间有一个很短的停顿（换气）。正确的停顿应该在意群和意群之间。同一个意群内不应停顿。意群之间的停顿不是固定的，而是灵活的。可以按照个人的需要，可停顿也可不停顿，可多停顿也可少停顿。,Note,意群是根据语义、语法和语调来划分的。从语义和语法上讲，意群必须是表达某种意义的一个（组）词
40、、一个短语、一个分句、一个主句或者从句。从语调上说，意群必须是可以用降调、声调或平调来朗读的一个语调单位。,Note,Before 1949,I used to live in Hong Kong and worked as a teacher.,三个意义单位，三个语法单位，三个语调单位。,By the time he arrived/he was completely exhausted.When I leave Beijing/I will leave/with very fond memories/of the city and its people/and with an increa
41、sed knowledge of China.,E.g.,Reading aloud/is very important/for beginners.Early to bed/and early to rise/makes a man/healthy,happy,and wise.Jane,/whos a brilliant swimmer,/represented Britain/at the Olympic Games.After he took his bath,/he dressed in a hurry,/ran to catch the bus,/and got to his ap
42、pointment/before it was too late.,Animal Instincts George is a young man.He does not have a wife,but he has a very big dog and he has a very small car too.He likes playing tennis.Last Monday he played tennis for an hour at his club,and then he ran out and jumped into a car.His dog came after him,but
43、 it did not jump into the same car;it jumped into the next one.Come here,silly dog!George shouted at it but the dog stayed/in the other car.George put his key into the lock of the car,but the key did not turn.Then he looked at the car again.It was not his!He was in the wrong car!And the dog was in t
44、he right one!Hes sitting and laughing at me!George said angrily.But then he smiled/and got into his car with the dog.,Exercises,Animal Instincts,George is a young man.He does not have a wife,/but he has a very big dog/and he has a very small car too.He likes playing tennis.Last Monday/he played tenn
45、is/for an hour/at his club,and then he ran out/and jumped into a car.His dog came after him,/but it did not jump into the same car;/it jumped into the next one.Come here,/silly dog!“/George shouted at it/but the dog stayed/in the other car.George put his key/into the lock of the car,/but the key did not turn.Then he looked at the car again.It was not his!He was in the wrong car!And the dog/was in the right one!Hes sitting/and laughing at me!George said angrily.But then/he smiled/and got into his car/with the dog.,
