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1、重难题型方法解读题型（一）阅读理解题型点拨阅读理解篇章的文体有:应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文。阅读理解选用的题材主要为:人与自然、人与社会、人与自我。考查英语学科的核心素养:语言能力、学习能力、文化意识、思维品质。阅读理解的设题主要分为:细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题、主旨归纳题等。解题指导一、细节理解题用what,which,who,whom,whose,how,why,when,where,howlong,howmany等Wh-questions询问文本的具体内容,如事实、例证、原因、过程等就是细节理解题。常见的题干形式有：1 .HowZWhenZWhydid.happen?2 .W
2、hichoflhefollowingisTRUE?3 .Accordingtothepassage,howmany.arementioned?4 .What/Who/WhenAVhere/Why/How？（特殊疑问句类型）5 .AllthestatementsaretrueEXCEPT.6 .WhichistherightorderOf?（排序题类型）7 .Theauthorgivestheexampleinthe.paragraphinOrdertO（例证题类型）8 .the+形容词最高级;.theOnly（判断修饰限定的细节题类型）解题技巧1 .审题:读懂题干,找准题干或选项中的关键词（数
3、字、大小写、人名、地名等）；2 .阅读全文,利用信息定位,并运用略读策略（快速阅读,抓住文章的大概意思）与查读策略（带着问题,快速扫视文章来寻找答案）,确定该细节在文中的相关出处；3 .对照题干要求,细节比对排除或者选择；注意事项干扰项往往就是一模一样的词汇或文中出现的句子,但整体语义可能是无中生有、正误并存、扩大或缩小范围、以偏概全、偷换概念、答非所问等。而正确选项往往是通过语义转换、同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实的方法复述出来,而不是照搬原文！4 .确定答案,并验证答案。【技巧1】跳读查找Whentheywerekids,Dereckwasquietandhealthy,andhewasgo
4、odatmathandscience.Beverlyhadatwinbrother.Atthattime,herbrotherandsheoftengottheirmotherintotrouble!Beverlywasadancer,anathlete,playedthepiano（notverywell）,andwasaclassleader.Herfavoritesubjectwasscienceandshealwaysgotexcellentgradesinherscienceexams.Q:Fromthesecondparagraph,wecanknowthatwhentheywer
5、ekids,.A.DereckwasoutgoingB.BeverlywasquietandhealthyC.BeverlycouldplaythepianoverywellD.DereckandBeverlywerebothgoodatscience解析D细节理解题。根据Whentheywerekids,Dereckwasquietandhealthy,andhewasgoodatmathandSCienCe.以及“Herfavoritesubjectwasscienceandshealwaysgotexcellentgradesinherscienceexams/5可知,Dereck和Be
6、VeIiy都擅长科学。故选D。【技巧2】简单计算Packingitproperly.Onlyputinthepackwhatisneededforthatday.Itsagoodideatoknowwhateachobjectweighs.Thetotalweightofthefilledpackshouldbenomorethan10to15percentofthewearersownbodyweight.Packtheheaviestobjectsclosetothebody,andplacelittleonesoutside,awayfromtheback.Q:Ifaboyweighs4
7、0kg,howheavyshouldhisfilledbackpackbeatmost?A.About4kg.B.About6kg.C.About10kg.D.About15kg.解析B数字计算题。根据“Thetotalweightofthefilledpackshouldbenomorethan10to15percentofthewearer,sownbodyWeighL”可知,填充包的总重量不应超过背包人自身体重的10%至15%。如果一个人的体重是40千克,那么他的背包的总重量最多是6千克。故选B。【技巧3】排除法Mr.Brownwasborninapoorfamily.Hecouldn,
8、tgotoschoolwhenhewasyoung.Nowhe,saporterandworksatastation.Hedoesn,tthinkit,snecessarytoknowsomeknowledgeofscience.Hisson,Bill,begantogotoschoollastyear.Theboylikesnothingexceptplaying.Hedoesn,tlistentotheteachersinclassandcan,tdohishomeworkafterclass.Ifsthehardestthingforhimtodomathexercises.Andhew
9、antstodropit.QzWhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Mr.Brownwasgoingtobeaporterwhenhewasyoung.B.Mr.Brownsparentsweretoopoortosendhimtoschool.C.Mr.Brownwasntinterestedinsciencewhenhewasyoung.D.TherewasnoschoolinMr.Brownshometown.解析B首先要知道题目让我们选择的是正确的一项。Mr.Brown现在是一名行李搬运工,而不是小时候打算当一名行李搬运工,A项错误;Mr.Brown现在认为没有必要了
10、解一些科学知识,C项错误;根据前两句可知,Mr.Brown小时候因为家里穷没有上学,而不是他的家乡没有学校,D项错误。细节干扰项特征：(1)是原文信息,但不是题目所要求的信息；(2)符合常识,但不是文章内容；(3)与原文内容极其相似,只是在程度上有些变动(通常如有过于绝对化的词,不要选)；(4)部分正确,部分错误；(5)张冠李戴。例题Thechildrensanswersweregenerallygrowthofmoralunderstandinginearlychildhood.Moreofthefour-to-five-year-oldsthoughtthechildinthestoryw
11、ouldfeelbetterkeepingthestolencandy,lyingandgettingunpunished.Theyimaginedtheparentinthestorywouldbeangrywiththechildwhoconfessed.However,theseven-to-nine-year-oldsweremoreIikeIy(可能的)tothinkthechildwouldfeelbetterconfessingthecrime.Q:WhatdidSmithandhisworkmatesfindintheirstudy?A.Olderkidsaremorelike
12、lythanyoungerchildrentoconfesstoabadact.B.Youngerchildrenaremorelikelythanolderkidstoconfesstoabadact.C.Thefbur-to-five-year-oldswouldfeelbetterconfessingthecrime.D.Theseven-lo-nine-year-oldsthoughtparentswouldbeangrywiththeirconfessions.解析A本题带了一点的推理在里面,不能直接找到答案,需要转换一下思路。根据第二、三句可知D项错误,应该是45岁的孩子认为承认错
13、误会使父母生气;根据最后一句可知B项和C项错误,A项正确。本题很好地体现了部分正确和部分错误以及张冠李戴这种现象,做题时要注意发出动作的主语是谁。二、词义猜测题能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义,是中考英语对阅读理解能力进行考查的主要方式,是必考题型。这种题型主要考查对文中关键词语,如实词、短语、代词等的推断。所考查的单词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上,而要根据语境来判断。常用的设题方式有:LTheWordrefersto.2 .Theunderlinedword/phraseinthepassagemeans.3 .Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase.pr
14、obablymean?4 .Thewordit/theminPara.I/thefirstparagraphrefersto.解题技巧【技巧1】根据定义或解释说明猜词义利用定义或者释义关系猜测词义,即根据上下文,借助定语(从句)、表语、用逗号、破折号等引出的内容对生词的词义加以猜测。常见的标志性词汇有:be,mean,referto,becalled,beknownas,thatis,or,inotherwords等。例题2021长沙Hn2009,Americanfilmmakersproducedadocumentary（纪录片）calledBigRiverMan.Andthebook,Th
15、eManWhoSwaintheAmazon,hasbeensoldinmanycountries.Ittellsusaninspirationalstoryofperseveranceandhardwork,whichhasencouragedmanypeople.Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedwordttinspirationa,meaninParagraphFive?A.鼓舞人心的B.心灰意冷的C.栩栩如生的解析A根据画线词后的定语从句“whichhasencouragedmanypeople”可知,这个故事鼓舞了很多人,故inspirational有鼓舞人心”之意。【技巧
16、2】根据构词法推测词义阅读文章时,可以运用构词法猜测生词的意思,其包括合成法（kind-hearted好心的）、转化法（face”.脸一face匕面对）和派生法。用派生法时,要注意分析生词结构,找出词缀和词干，然后再根据词根、前缀、后缀等的含义,猜测词义。常见的前缀有un-,dis-,im-,in-,non-,re-;常见后的缀有-ful,-ing,-able,-or/er,-tion,-ist,bility,-ment等。例题Whyisitthatthemoreconnectedweget,themoredisconnectedIfeel?Developmentincommunication
17、technologyseemstokeeppeoplefromhumancontact.Withe-mailovertheInternet,wecancommunicatewithoutseeingorUlkingtooneanother.Withvoicemail,youcanhaveconversationswithoutevenmeetingthatperson.Evensomefoodstoresareusingself-scanners（自助扫描仪）sothatyoucancheckyourselfout.Q:Theunderlinedword“disconnected”probab
18、lymeansA.lonelyB.satisfiedC.stupidD.interested解析A根据画线词的前缀dis-以及语境可以推断正确选项为Ao【技巧3】根据上下文语境猜测词义判断生词词义时,需借助前后的语境及逻辑,分析已知信息与生词之间的关系,巧妙推断其含义。例题Hello,everyone.I,mGina.malibrarian.Iworkinaschoollibrary.It,s3:30intheafternoonnow.mworkingforthestudents.Q:Theunderlinedword“librarian“inthepassagemeans.A.校长B.图书管
19、理员C.作家D.书商解析B联系“IworkinaSChoOIIibrary”可知,Gina在学校图书馆工作,应该是图书管理员。【技巧4】根据对比关系猜测词义猜测生词含义时,可根据语境中一些互为对应、反义、对比关系来推断。表转折关系的i司7匚常有but,although,though,however,while,otherwise,insteadof,ratherthan,ontheotherhand,unlike,yet等。例题ThoughTomSfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubby.Q:Whatdoestheunderli
20、nedwordgrubby,referto?A.肮脏的B.整洁的C.舒服的D.仔细的解析Athough尽管，,表转折。通过前后对比可知,grubby为clean的反义词。【技巧5】根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,可以根据这种逻辑关系猜测生词的词义。常见的标志词有:because,as,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore,so.that.,SUChthat等表示前因后果。例题Morethanjustworkingtolive,Ienjoymakingadifferenceandtryingmybest
21、forthewholeprogress.Iwouldalsoliketobewellremuneratedformyhardwork,soIcanleadacomfortablelifewiththishard-wonmoney.ThenIcanprovidethebestformyfamily.Q:Thcunderlinedword“remunerated“inthepassagemeansA.trainedB.praisedC.acceptedD.paid解析D本题根据“SoIcanleadacomfortablelifewiththishard-wonmoney.ThenIcanprov
22、idethebestformyfmily.”可推测出正确答案为D项。【技巧6】代词替代法代词所指代的内容多数在画线词所在句的附近。找到指代的内容后,把它放在代词的位置上看看是否符合逻辑,与前后的内容是否一致。例题Imagineoneday,thewatertaps（水龙头）inyourhousestoprunning.Youhavetopayalotofmoneytobuywaterfromshops.Andstillthereisntenoughwaterforeveryone.Yourmotherhastosavethefamily,sshowerwatertouseforwashingc
23、lothes.Wouldyoubeabletostandthatkindoflife?Probablynot.ButthatiswhatkidsinYemen（也门）areexperiencing.Accordingtoareport,thecapital,Sana,willrunoutofdrinkingwaterasearlyas2025.Becauseofthewatershortage（短缺）,thegovernmentoftencutsoffthewatersupply.Hannan,an18-year-oldgirlfromLahej,toldTimes,tiInagoodweek
24、we,11haveawatersupplyallweek.Butthenthefollowingweektherewillbewateronlyforadayortwo.”Q:Theunderlinedwordthat”means.A.buyingwaterfromshopsB.havingenoughdrinkingwaterC.suffering（忍受）fromwatershortageD.washingclotheswithusedwater解析C根据“Becauseofthewatershortage,thegovernmentoftencutsoffthewatersupply可知答
25、案为C。【技巧7】示例推断法在英语中,and,Onsuchas,like,forexample,forinstance,especially等词语,常被用作表达例证关系的信息词。此类词语后的内容通常是对前面部分的例子进行阐述说明,由此可推断出画线词所指含义。例题FASTisafive-hundred-metertelescope.ItisalsocalledTianyan(ttTheEyeofHeaven,),withadishthesizeof30footballgrounds,deepinthemountainsofsouthwestChina,SGuizhouProvince.Thegi
26、antdishisbuiltonabowl-likevalley.Q:Theunderlinedwordgiantprobablymeans,inChinese.A.神秘的B.巨大的C.宽广的解析B根据“withadishthesizeof30footballgrounds”可知,FAST有30个足球场那么大，由此可推知,FAST是非常“巨大的”。故选B。三、推理判断题推理判断题主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力,要求考生领悟所读材料中句子之间的逻辑关系,透过表面的文字信息,对深层次细节经过分析、综合、归纳,作出合乎逻辑的推理。常见的设题方式有：1 .Whereisthepassagepro
27、bablyfrom?2 .Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?1.1 tcanbeinferredfromthetextthat./Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.4 .ThewriterSUggeStS(暗示)that.5 .ThewriterSattitudetoward.is.6 .Thenextparagraphwouldmostprobablydealwith./Whatwillmostprobablyhappennextaccordingtothepassage?7 .Whatdoesthewriterthinkof.?8 .Whic
28、hsentenceshowsthewriter,Sopinion?9 .Fromthepassage/thethirdparagraph/thelastsentence/theexamplewecandrawtheconclusionthat.10 .Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheattitudeoftheauthor?11 .Accordingtotheauthor./Intheauthor,sopinion.12 .Theauthorthinks/believesthat.正确选项的特点：(1)正确选项一般含义比较丰富,具有一定的综合性和概括性；
29、(2)正确选项的表述一般不会太绝对,而是会用一些相对宽泛的词汇,如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等；(3)正确选项有时候与通过常识判断得出的结论相反,要特别注意。干扰选项的特点：(1)只是对原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论；(2)看似是从原文推断出来的结论,然而实际上与原文不符；(3)根据常识判断是正确的,然而却不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点；(4)虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为依据,但可能推理过头、概括过度；(5)部分选项的内容纯属编造。解题技巧做推理判断题要注意两点:
30、-是推理,二是判断,两者密不可分。推理是为了判断,判断依赖于推理。推理判断题的结论要靠推断得出,而不是照搬原文。但是,推理时务必忠实于原文，在文章中寻找可推论的线索和依据,切忌随意揣测,把自己的观点当成作者的观点。解答此类题时要注意:一是与原文相同的细节不能选;二是不能跳出文章进行推断。解题过程中只要注意上述两点,再结合做细节理解题和主旨大意题的方法,就可以做对推理判断题。【技巧1】抓住特定关键信息进行推理做此类试题时,要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用正向推理或逆向思维,从而推断出深层的含义。例题Haveyoutriedtorunorwalkforex
31、erciseandthengiveup?Ifyouansweredyes,youshouldtryanewkindofexercise:aquatic(水中的)exercise.Aquaticexerciseislikeexerciseonland,butyoudoitinaswimmingpool.Moreandmorepeoplearetryingaquaticexercise.Aquaticexercisefeelseasierthanexercisingonland.Why?Youweighabout90%lessinthepool.Itisbetterforyourkneesthan
32、runningorwalking.Waterisabout1.000timesthickerandheavierthanair.Tomovethroughthewater,yourbodyhastoworkfourtimesashard.Asaresult,youcanbummorecalories(卡路里).Infact,mostpeoplesaytheyfeelmorerelaxedinthewater.Theystopthinkingaboutthethingsthatmakethemworried.Theyfeelincontroloftheirbodies.Thecool,quiet
33、environmentmakesthemfeelgood.Butwhatifyouareafraidofthewater?Noproblem!Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Aquaticexerciseissafeandeasytolearn.Itdoesntrequireanyspecialskills.Youdontevenneedtoknowhowtoswim.Aquaticexerciseisforeveryone.Q:Inwhichpartofamagazinecanwereadthetext?A.Culture.B.Health.C.Nature.D.Tra
34、vel.解析B推理判断题。本文主要谈论的是水中锻炼(AqUatiCEXerCiSe)的好处,因此应该出现在报纸的“健康”部分。故选B。【技巧2】利用作者的思想感情、文字色彩进行推断有些题目要求考生根据文段的相关信息对文中人物的性格、心理状况、心智或品质做出判断,这时一定要扣紧文段的主题或话题,不要受一些细节事实的干扰。文章中的措辞会体现作者或者其他人物的思想倾向和感情色彩,这往往隐含在字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此,在推断过程中,应特别注意文章用词。例题Wehopeyouallhadagreatsummer.Ourswasalotoffun.Wehaveseensomanynewthi
35、ngsandmetsomanywonderfulpeople.TheFrenchgaveusawarmwelcomeandhelpedusgetusedtolivingheresoon.Wehavesomanythingstosharewithallofyou.Wearegoingtosendyoumoree-mails.Wemissallofyoualot.Writebacktousandletusknowwhatisnewathome.QzWhatdoesthewriterthinkofFrenchpeople?A.Friendly.B.Funny.C.Welcome.D.Popular.
36、解析A从文段中的“great,fn,wonderful,Warm”等,可以推理出正确答案为A。【技巧3】运用经验、经历或常识进行推理判断有些文章具有一定的背景知识,解答此类题目时,除了把握相关文段的细节外,还应注意充分运用自己的常识,结合题目去分析推理。Imagineoneday,thewatertaps(水龙头)inyourhousestoprunning.Probablynot.ButthatiswhatkidsinYemen(也门)areexperiencing.BecauseofthewaterShOrtage(短缺),Ihegovernmentoftencutsoffthewater
37、SUPPIy(供应).Hannan,an18-year-oldgirlfromLahej,toldTimeSLlnagoodweekwe,IIhaveawatersupplyallweek.Butthenthefollowingweektherewillbewateronlyforadayortwo.”Hannansaidonlyrichpeoplehaveenoughwatertouse.Theycanbuywaterfromtheshopsorfromthewatertrucks.Privatecompaniesownthetrucks.Theytravelaroundthecityeve
38、rydaytosellwater-atveryhighprices.tAlotofpeoplecan,taffordit,“shesaid.TheaveragepersoninYemenuses100to200cubicmetersofwaterperyear.Thegovernmentisthinkingofmakinguseofseawater.Q:Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.A.thepoorwilluseseawatersoonB.HannanisfromapoorfamilyC.LahejisabeautifulplaceD.thewatertapswi
39、llstoprunningsoon解析B此题需要根据文本的背景知识以及细节描述来推断,并且需要注意排查。四、主旨归纳题主旨归纳题旨在考查对全文或者某一段落的整体把握能力,即对整篇文章或某一段落的概括能力;考查的题R大多是针对段落(或全文)的主题思想,标题或者写作目的。常见的设题方式：1 .考查文章的中心思想：(1)Themainidea/keypointofthispassageisthat.(2)Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?2 .考查文章标题的选择：(1)Thebesttitle/head
40、lineforthispassageis.(2)WhiChofthefollowingisthebesttitle?3 .考查作者的写作态度和意图：(1)Whatistheauthor,smainpurposeinthispassage?(2)Inthepassage,theauthorwantstotellus.(3)Thewriter,sattitudetowards.is.4 .考查对文章段落大意的理解：InParagraph2,theauthoraimstotellus.错误选项特点：(1)以偏概全:只是局部信息或者一句没有展开论述的话；(2)过于笼统:即归纳的主题太宽泛,与细节脱节或
41、没有对细节加以充分论述；(3)把观点强加于作者:读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断,而忽视了作者的观点；(4)无关信息:文章中没有提到或者找不到依据的信息。解题技巧获取主旨大意最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或某一段落)通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫作主题句。因此,理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。在一篇短文或一个段落中,大部分主题句的情况有三种：1 .主题句在段首或篇首主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文、议论文大都采用先总述,后分述的方法。例题Alllivingthings
42、ontheearthneedotherlivingthingstolive.Nothinglivesalone.Mostanimalsmustliveinagroup,andevenaplantgrowsclosetogetherwithothersofthesamekind.Sometimesonelivingthingkillsanother,oneeatsandtheotheriseaten.Eachkindoflifeeatsanotherkindoflifeinordertolive,andtogethertheyformafoodChain(食物链).Somefoodchainsb
43、ecomebrokenupifoneofthelinksdisappears.Q:Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.AnimalsB.PlantsC.FoodChainsD.LivingThings解析C找出主题句,即第一句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思:地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其他的生物。下文接着讲述了大量的事实:大部分动物必须成群的一起生活,甚至连植物也要和其他同类的植物靠在一起生长。有时种生物杀死另种生物,种生物吃另一种生物,而另一种生物被吃。在列举了大量的事实之后,作者指出:如果这些食物链中的一
44、个环节消失,所有的食物链都会断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。根据主题句的意思,我们可以很容易判断正确答案是Co2 .主题句在段末或篇末用归纳法写文章时,往往表述细节的句子在前,概括性的句子在后,并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结、归纳或概括。例题2021长沙IMartindoesntswimformoney.Instead,heswimstoteachpeopleabouttheimportanceofkeepingwaterclean.MartinhasalwaysbeenlookingfortheChallenges(挑战)oftheimpossibl
45、e.Whatishisnext?Q:Whatcanbethebesttitle(标题)ofthetext?A.SwimforFunB-ChallengetheImpossibleC.FightforJobs解析B文章讲述了Martin凭借顽强的毅力完成了很多人不可能完成的挑战。根据全文及段末主题句Martinhasalwaysbeenlookingforthechallengesoftheimpossible.”可知,Martin克服了各种困难,畅游世界各大河,他一直在挑战不可能的事情。故选B03 .归纳总结法获取主题句有些文章没有明确的主题句,这要求学生对全文的内容进行归纳总结。采用归纳总结
46、法解答主旨大意题时,可先归纳每一个段落的中心意思,然后再对每段的中心意思进行总结,从而得出全文的主题思想。注意：不能以偏概全,要分清主次,抓住主干；不能过于宽泛,要恰如其分；注意多次出现的高频词或主题词,抓住关键词。例题ManyChinesepeoplelikeAmericancountrymusic.Butstillsomepeopledontknowwhencountrymusicbegan.Countrymusicisfromthefolkmusic（民间音乐）oftheAppalachianMountainsintheeastofAmerica.There,peoplesangwhil
47、eplayingtheviolinandtheguitar.Theysangabouteverydaylife,loveandtheirproblems.Sothesongsweresometimesalittlesad.OneofthemostpopularcountrymusicsingersisJohnDenver.HeisalsoquitefamoustotheChinese.In1997,JohnDenverdied.Theworldlostagreatman.Buthismusicandwordswillliveon.QzWhat,sthemainideaofthepassage?A.ChineselikeAmericancountrymusic.B.Countrymusicisfromthefolkmusic.CJohnDenverisacountrymusicsinger.D.SomethingsaboutAmericancountrymusic.解析D本文第一段由“许多中国人喜欢美国乡村音乐”引入;第二段介绍了乡村音乐的由来;第三段介绍了一位乡村音乐歌手。由此可知本文都是围绕乡村&乐这一中心展开的,选项A、B、C都是本文的一个方面,只有D项最全面。故选D。典例分析OnJune9th,1870,CharlesDickens
