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1、初中语法复习词性复习-名校内部资料I词类。词类英语名称意义例词名词TheNoun(缩写为n)表示人或事物的名称Basket,mouth,hospital,yearztrain冠词TheArticle(art)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a,anzthe代词ThePronoun(pron)用来代替名词、形容词或数词Theyzhiszhimzmine,which,all形容词TheAdjective(adj)用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征Longzemptyzheavy,different,cheapzhungry数词TheNumeral(num)表示数量或顺序Three,thirtee
2、n,twenty,second动词TheVerb(v)表示动作或状态Hearzwrite,swimzeat,borrow,sing副词TheAdverb(adv)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词Quicklyzearly,OUtsoon,thenzsometimes介词ThePreposition(prep)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系Fromzwithzatzinto,behind,between,for连词TheConjunction(conj)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句And,or,butzsolbecause感叹词TheInterjection(interj)表示说话时的喜悦、
3、惊讶等情感Oh,heyzouchzwell,there,dear(一)名词：专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如ChinaJohnzLondon,theUSAzHarbin.1名词个体名词:表示单个的人或事物。如boat,chair,desk,叩pie.可数名词集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如family,people,class,police.普通名词物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如waterzair,teazsea,money,cotton.抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如health,helpzwork,friendship.不可数名词2 .名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不
4、可数名词没有单复数。3 .名词的格：名词有三个格：主格（作主语）、宾格（作宾语）、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。（二）冠词1 .定冠词-the.ol特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。Thestudentsareverygood.o2说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Whereisthetoilet?o3重复提到上文的人或事物。Ihaveacat,thecatiswhiteandblack.o4表示世界上独一无二的事物。Themoonmovesaroundtheearth.o5形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。Iamtheoldest.Heisthefirsttoschool.Il
5、iveinthesouth.。6洋乐器的名称前常用定冠词-the。Ilikeplayingthepiano/violin.o7和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。Weshouldhelpthepoor,但playErhu.08放在某些专有名词前。WewillgotovisittheGreatWallnextweek.thePeople*sRepublicofChina.o9放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人。TheWhitesarewatchingTV.ol0固定词组中。Inthemorning/afternoon/evening.2 .不定冠词-a/an.ol指人或事物的
6、某一种类。Ahorseisausefulanimal.Atablehasfourlegs.o2指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Passmeapencil,please.Wewritewithapen.o3指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。Thebookwaswrittenbyapeasant.Lastmonthwewereworkinginafactory.。4不定冠词还可以指事物的单位，如每日、每斤等。Hereisaletterforyou.Themeatis18yuanakilo.3 .零冠词。ol泛指人类或男女。Manwillconquernature.o2抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概
7、念时，通常不加冠词。Knowledgebeginswithpractice.o3有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义,其前面也常不加冠词。Wehadbettersendhimtohospitalatonce.o4在专有名词前一般不用冠词。Chinaisagreatcountry.MrSmithisanartist.o5在三餐饭、球棋类运动名称之前不用冠词。Heoftengoesoutforawalkaftersupper.SometimesIplaybasketball.06在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。SeptemberIOthisTeachers1Day.o7称呼语或表示头衔、职
8、务的名词前不用冠词。Grannyissleepingnow.Wecallhimmonitor.08在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时，不用冠词。Thisishisbook.IcanspeakEnglish.o9不用冠词的惯用语。Atnight/onfood/gototown/athome/inclass/atwork等。(三)形容词1.形容词的构成。Ol简单形容词由一个单词构成。GoodzIongzgreenzlarge,bright,interesting,surprised,Iearnedzdeveloping,sleeping.o2复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-min
9、utezsecond-hand,500-wordz8-year-oldzthree-legged,round-trip,part-time,good-looking.2.形容词的用法。ol修饰名词作定语。Sheisabeautifulgirl.o2作表语。Heisverystrong.o3作宾语补足语。Letthedooropen.Youmustkeepyourclassroomclean.o4定冠词+形容词表示一类人或物，在句子中可作主语或宾语。Weshouldspeaktotheoldpolitely.o5大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语，但少数形容词只能作表语，不能作定语。如：aslee
10、p,illzawake等。o6有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如：many,Iittlezwooden,golden等。ol形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。Aheavybox.o2与表示度量的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3metreslong.12kilometersaway.o3与不定代词Something,anything,everything,nothing等连用时，可以放在这些词之后。Somethingimportant.nothingserious.o4当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下面的词序排列：冠词（包括物主代词、序数词、基数词）-描述形容词（brave,b
11、eautiful）-表示形状（大小、长短、高矮）的形容词-表示年龄或新旧的形容词表示颜色的形容词-表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词-表示材料、物质的形容词-表示用途或类别的形容词-被修饰的词。Mynicesmallbrownleatherbag.thoselargeroundblackwoodentables.4 .形容词的比较级和最高级。（一般加er/est,不规则见表）ol原级的用法：和相同A.肯定句：A+动词+as+形容词原级+as+B.Heisastallasme.B.否定句:A.+notas+形容词原级+as+B（即A不如B那么）A.+notso+形容词原级+as+B=A.+less+形
12、容词原级+than+B.o2比较级的用法：A.A+动词+形容词的比较级+than+B.（A比B更，在这种句型中，比较级前面可用much,evenzstillzaIittlezabitzalot,any,far等修饰,表示得多，甚至，更，一点儿。B.比较级+and+比较级、moreandmore+部分双音节或多音节的原级译为越来越。3最高级的用法：（个体用-of,范围用-in,最高级前面要用定冠词-the）A.三种最高级表示法。最高级:ShanghaiisthelargestcityinChina.比较级：ShanghaiislargerthananyothercityinChina./Shan
13、ghaiislargerthantheothercitiesinChina.原级:NoothercityisaslargeasShanghaiinChina./NoothercityislargerthanShanghaiinChina.（四）副词1 .副词的种类：ol时间副词：often,always,usually,earlyzagozalready,before,everzlate,nowzsoonzsinceztomorrow,justnow.o2地点副词：here,there,above,belowroutside,anywhere,backzdowzhome,out,everywh
14、ere.o3方式副词：hard,wellzbadly,fast,slowlyzangrily,simply,carefully.o4程度副词：veryzquite,muchzstillzalmost,Iittleztoozenough.o5疑问副词：howzwhen,where,why.06关系副词：when,wherezwhy.（引导定语从句）o7连接副词：howzwhenzwhere,whyzwhether.08频率副词often,seldom,usually,never,sometimes,everydayzalways,hardly.o9其他副词：really,certainly,su
15、rely,maybe.2 .副词的用法：ol作状语：Hecanfinishtheworkeasily.o2作定语（要后置）：ThestudentsherearefromHarbin.o3作表语：Imustbeoffnow.o4作宾补,构成复合宾语：Showhimup.Isawhimoutwithmysisterlastnight.3 .副词的比较级和最高级。(一般加er/est,不规则见表)ol副词的原级：A.as+副词的原级+as与一样Bnotas(so)+副词的原级+as与.不一样C.too+副词的原级+todosth.太而不能D.so+副词的原级+that从句如此以致于E.副词的原级+e
16、noughtodosth.足够能做，o2副词的比较级：A.A+动词+副词比较级+than+BB.副词比较级前也可以用muchzevezstillzfarzany,aIittlezabit,alot等修饰。C.比较级+and+比较级,表示越来越”,themore.themore.表示“越就越”D.副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词the.（五）数词1.基数词：1-1213-1920-90100-1 one13thirteen20twenty100ahundred2 two14fourteen21twenty-one300threehundred3 three15fifteen22twenty-twol
17、z000athousand4 four16sixteen30thirty5,000fivethousand5 five17seventeen40fortylz000z000amillion6 six18eighteen50fifty1,000,000,000abillion7 seven19nineteen60sixty8 eight70seventy9 nine80eighty10 ten90ninety11 eleven12 twelve2.序数词：1-1011-1920-90100-1first1st11eleventhIlth20twentieth20th100onehundredth
18、100th2second2nd12twelfth12th21twenty-first21st103onehundredandthird103rd3third3rd13thirteenth13th30thirtieth30th134onehundredandthirty-fourth134th4fourth4th14fourteenth14th37thirty-seventh37th200twohundredth200th5fifth5th15fifteenth15th40fortieth40th1000onethousandthIzOOOth6sixth6th16sixteenth16th50
19、fiftieth50thlz000z000onemillionthIzOOOzOOOth7seventh7th17seventeenth17th60sixtieth60thlz000z000z000onebillionthIzOOOzOOOzOOOth8eighth8th18eighteenth18th70seventieth70th9ninth9th19nineteenth19th80eightieth80th10tenthIOth90ninetieth90thol作主语:Thefirstisbetterthanthesecond.o2作宾语：Hewasamongthefirsttoarri
20、ve.o3作表语:Heisthefirsttocometoschool.。4作定语：TheninthletteroftheWordrestaurantisn./Therearethreethousandworkersinthefactory.（六）代词类别作用例词例句人称代词代替人或事物，主格作主语，宾客作宾语数格人称单数复数Iamateacher.Theyarestudents.Wealllikehim.Hegavethebooktome.主格IyouheSheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimHeritusyouthem物主代词形容词性只作定语，名词性可以作主、宾、表语等，表示所属
21、关系词义类型我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的Mybookisthere.Herfatherisaworker.Thisbikeisyoursroursisbroken.形容词14myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词起强调作用，只作同位语和宾语数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称Weourselvesdidthework.Hedidtheworkbyhimself.单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselve
22、s相互代词表示相互关系，作宾语宾格所有格Weshouldhelpeachother.Pleasecorrecteachother7smistakes.eachother（两者相互）eachother/s（相互的）oneanother（三者或三者以上）oneanothers（相互的）指示代词起指示作用，作定语、主语、宾语、表语等Thiszthatzthese,those,it,suchzsameTakethisbooktohisroom.Mypointisthis.不定代词代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物somezany,no,none,manyzfewzIittlezall,both
23、zevery,one,either,neither,otherzafewzaIittlezanother,somebody,nobody,nothing,eachIhavesomethingtotellyou.Neitheranswerisright.疑问代词表示疑问构成特殊问句WhoZwhatzwhose,whichzwhomWhomdidyousee?关系代词引导定语从句which,that,whozwhom,whoseThebookthatIlostwasnew.连接代词引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）what,who,thatIknowwhatyouaredo
24、ing.atswhatIhope.（七）动词类别意义例子例句行为动词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句中能独立作谓语。及物动词后面一定接宾语Open,visitzhear.HevisitedGaozhouyesterday.不及物动词后面可以不接宾语Laughzcry,live.HelivesinBeijing.连系动词（Iinkv）本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。Bezbecome,grow,getzturzIookzsound,smell,tastezfeel,seem.Themeatsmellsbad.Heisastudent.助动词（v.aux.）本身没有
25、词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式Dozdoes,did,amziszare,havezhaszhad,shall,willzshould,would.Hedoesn,tspeakEnglish.Weareplayingfootball.HehadgonetoBeijing.情态动词（ModalVerbs）本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。Canzmayzmust,should,needzdear,shall,willzhaveto.Shecanspeak
26、English.MayIspeaktoAnnzpleasesWemustgonow.注：动词（除情态动词，只有原形和过去式）有原形、第三人称单数、动词ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。（八）介词1.介词的种类：ol简单介词：inzatzOf,from,since,around,to.o2合成介词：ontozintozwithout,uponzwithin.o3短语介词：becauseofzinfrontofzaccordingto.o4分词介词:regarding,following,concerning.2 .介词短语在句子中的作用：ol作定语。Iknowtheanswertothe
27、question.o2作状语。Thechildrenareplayingbasketballintheplayground.o3作表语。Mikeisintheclassroom.o4作宾语补足语。Hefoundhimselfinthemiddleoftheriver.o5作主语补足语。Tomwasseeninsidethecinema.3 .常用介词的基本用法：ol表示时间的介词(at,in,on,for,since,after,by,duringzbefore,fromztozuntil,within.)o2表示位置,方位的介词(in,atrozto.)o3表示交通方式的常用介词(byzon
28、,in.)o4其他一些词组搭配介词(beangrywith/at/aboutsb/sth.bestrictwithinsb/sth.)(九)连词1 .并列连词：ol表联合关系连词。(andzor,but,for,notonly.butalso,aswellas,both.and.,neither.nor.)o2转折连词。(butzwhile,yet,however.)o3选择连词。(orzorelsezeither.or.zotherwise.)2 .从属连词：ol引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的连用，主要有三个：that,whether,if.Ihearthatheisastudent.o
29、2引导状语从句的从属连词：A.连接时间状语从句when,before,after,while,assoonaszsincezuntilzas,whenever,eversince.B.连接让步状语从句：although,though,evenif,however.C.连接原因状语从句:aszbecause,since,nowthat,for.D.连接目的状语从句:that,sothat,inorderthat.E.连接条件状语从句:if,unless,oncezincase.F.连接结果状语从句：so.that,such.that.G.连接方式状语从句：as,asifzasthough.H.连
30、接地点状语从句：where.I.连接比较状语从句：as,as.asrnotas/so.as,than.（十）非谓语动词1 .定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。2 .动词不定式：to+动词原形（在某些情况下可以不带t。）。（没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，可以有时态和语态的变化）ol一般式：主动语态:todoz被动语态：t。be+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生）。2进行式：主动语态：tobedoing,被动语
31、态：无（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生）o3完成式：主动语态:tohave+动词过去分词，被动语态：tohavebeen+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态在谓语动作之前就发生）。4用法：A.作主语：Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.=It,snoteasytolearnaforeignlanguage.B.作表语：Themostimportantthingistofinishtheworkontime.C作宾语：a.动词+todo.Hedecidedtobuyanewwatch.(agree,choosezwant,hopezIikezwishzlea
32、rn,Iovezplan,tryzstart,afford.)b.动词+疑问词+todoIdo,tknowwheretoputthebike.c.动词+形式宾语(it)+宾补+todoIfinditimportanttolearnasecondforeignlanguage.D.作补语：a.动词+宾语+todoTomaskedmetoshowhimthenewshoes.(tellzwish,askzwantzlike,begzinvitezallowzencourage.)b.动词+宾语+不带to的动词HeoftensawTomplayfootball.(seezhear,feelzwatc
33、hznotice,have,makezlet.)E.作状语：a.表示目的：HewenttoGuangzhoutoseehissons.Hegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.b.表示结果:Heistootiredtowalkanyfarther.Theyarentoldenoughtogotoschool.c.表示原因:Heissorrytohearthat.Iamgladtoseeyou.F.作定语:Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Iwanttobuysomethingtoeat.。5动词不定式to的省略：A.在感官动词feelzhearz
34、seezwatchznotice及使役动词havezlet,make等后面要省to,但在变被动语态时要还原不定式tooIoftensawhimgooutoftheroom.Hewasoftenseentogooutoftheroombyme.B.在hadbetter,wouldrather,donothingbut等后面常省tooo6动词不定式的否定形式:not+todo,有时也可以用-never+todo结构。3.动名词：动词原形+ing。具有名词、动词一些特征。ol一般式：主动语态：doing,被动语态:being+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生）。2
35、完成式主动语态having+动词过去分词被动语态havingbeen+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生）Childrenenjoywatchinganimatedcartoon.Idontrememberhavingeverseenthefilm.o3动名词的否定形式:not+动名词（v-ing）Iregretnotbeingabletohelpyou.o4用法：A.作主语：a.动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代替。LearningEnglishisveryimportantItsveryimportanttolearnEnglish.b.No+动名词表示禁
36、止。Nosmoking,Noparking.B.作宾语：Hefinisheddoinghishomework.C.作表语：Hisfavouritesportisplayingbasketball.D.作定语:shoppingbasket,finishingline.（表明名词的用途、功能等）E.动名词的复合结构名词所有格、形容词物主代词动名词。Doyoumindmy/WeiFangzsopeningthewindow?4.分词：动词原形+ingo具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。（可分为现在分词、过去分词）现在分词ol一般式：主动语态:doing,被动语态:being+动词过去分词（表示动作或状
37、态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生）。2完成式主动语态having+动词过去分词被动语态havingbeen+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生）o3动名词的否定形式:not+动名词（v-ing）Nounderstandingthemeaningofthewords,hecouldntexplainthesentence.o4用法：A.作表语。Theresultissurprising.B.作定语。DevelopingCOUntry（主谓关系）sleepingboy（boy所做的动作）C.作状语。Passingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingth
38、epiano.=whenhewaspassingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingthepiano.D.作宾补。Ifoundhimlyingonthegrass.过去分词ol形式：规则动词+ed,和不规则动词的过去分词。o2过去分词的否定形式：not+动词过去分词。o3用法:A.作表语：Mybikeisbroken.Heisveryworried.B.作定语:developedcountry,fallenleaves,spokenEnglish.C.作状语:Askedwhyhewasabsent,hesaidhewasill.=Whenhewasaskedwhyhewas
39、absent,hesaidhewasill.D.作宾补:Youhadbetterhaveyourshoesmended.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.（H-）动词的语态1 .语态定义:英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。WeteachEnglishinourSChOol（主动）Englishistaughtinourschool.（被动）2 .被动语态：助动词Be+及物动词的过去分词（be+p.p.）,be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表：时态谓语动词的形式例子一般现在
40、时Am/is/are+动词过去分词ColourTVsaremadeinthefactory.一般过去时Was/were+动词过去分词Myhometownwasliberatedin1949.一般将来时Shall/will+be+动词过去分词Thefilmwillbeshownagain.现在进行时Am/is/are+being+动词过去分词Thewallsarebeingpainted.过去进行时Was/were+being动词过去分词Theticketswerebeingwellsoldthen.现在完成时Has/have+been+动词过去分词Anewroadhasbeenbuilther
41、e.时态谓语动词的形式例子过去完成时Had+been+动词过去分词Muchhadbeendonebeforemothercameback.含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词+be+动词过去分词Thecompositionmustbehandedintoday.3 .被动语态中值得注意的问题：ol带有双宾语的动词，可以把任何一个宾语变被动，一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。Myfathergavemeabook./1wasgivenabookbymyfather./Abookwasgiventomebymyfather.o2英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。Theclothwasheswell./T
42、hiskindofbagssellswell./Theshoeswearlong./Theknifecutswell./Thepenwritessmoothly./Thiscoatlastslong.o3在英语中有时be+V-ed结构并不是被动语态，而是系表结构。Themountainswerecoveredwithsnow.o4在主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语的结构中，要补留宾语补足语。Wefoundthedoorbroken./Thedoorwasfoundbroken.o5宾语补足语为省to的不定式，变为被动语态后，要还原tooHemademelaugh./1wasmadetolaugh.
43、06如果短语动词是及物动词时，可以用被动语态，但不能遗漏所含的介词或副词。Thenurselookedafterthebaby./Thebabywaslookedafterbythenurse./Wemustmakeupforthelessonswemissed./Thelessonswemissedmustbemadeupfor.o7下列情况不能用被动语态：A.不及物动词：Theaccidenthappenedonabusyroadyesterday.B.连系动词：Thegirllookslikehersister.C.宾语为反期弋词：Healwaysdresseshimselfneatly
44、.D.宾语为相互代词：Thestudentsoftenhelpeachother.E.同源宾语:Atthattime,theylivedahappylife.F.表示状态的及物动词：Ihaveanewcar./Thebookcostme30yuan.（十二）动词的时态：时态表示内容谓语动词的构成常用的时间状语例句一般现在时现阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态动词原形(包括第三人称单数形式+ses)oftenxusually,always、sometimes,everyday、inthemorning(afternoon)等Heisoftenlateforschool.Sheusuallygoest
45、oworkonfoot.一般将来时将要发生的动作或存在的状态shall/will动词原形am/is/aregoingto+动词原形am/is/areto+动词原形am/is/areaboutto+动词原形am/is/are+动词-ingtomorrow、nextweeksthismonthxinanhoursthedayaftertomorrowHewillgotoShanghainextweek.Iamgoingtobuyabooktomorrow.Theyaretoseeafilminahour.Sheisabouttomendthebikelater.IamflyingtoGuangzh
46、ounextweek.一般过去时过去发生的动作或存在的状态动词过去式（一般+ed,特殊见课本不规则表）yesterdayxlastweekxthreedaysagoxbeforexthedaybeforeyesterday等Ifinishedmyhomeworkyesterday.HewenttoGaozhouthreedaysago.现在进行时现在正在进行的动作am/is/are动词现在分词now、Itssixo,CloCk.也可用Iookslisten等词提示Theyaredoingtheirhomeworknow.1.ook!Theboyisplayingbasketball.过去进行时
47、过去某个时刻正在进行的动作was/were+动词现在分词atsixyesterdaymorningsthistimeyesterday.也可用when等引导的从句Iwassleepingat11lastnight.Theywerecookingwhenthebellrang.现在完成时动作发生在过去，已结束，对现在有影响；或者开始在过去一直持续到现在的动作。have/has+动词过去分词（一般+ed,特殊见课本不规则表）already,ever,never.Justforthreedaysxsince1998、bytheendofthisterm、yet等Ihavealreadyfinishedmywork.Hehasntfoundoutwhobrokethedoor.过去完成时过去某个时间之前已经完成了的动作
