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1、初中 阅读理解 主旨题及 解题技巧,How to grasp the main idea of a passage-in reading?,主旨大意题,正确理解文章的“主旨大意”是阅读技能之二。要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上，对文章作出归纳、概括或评价。这也是英语阅读理解中常见的一类题型，大多是要求判断文章的标题或各段大意。,阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类,主旨题,标题类,文章主旨,段落主旨,标题类试题常见的题干形式,(1)The best title for this passage is.(2)The suitable headline for this passage may be(3)The
2、 title that best expresses the idea of the passage is.(4)Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?,(体现概括性,避免远离主题),2.文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式,(1)What is the passage mainly about?(2)The passage talks about.(3)The passage tells us that.(4)This passage mainly deals with.(5)Whats the main idea/
3、topic of the passage?,(体现全面性,避免以偏概全),3.段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式,(1)The main idea of the second paragraph probably is that.(2)What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with?(3)Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph one?(4)Whats the main idea discussed in the first paragraph?,(体现针对性,避免张冠李戴),关键-主
4、题句,主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。三个特点：（1）总领性强，概括性强（2）结构简单，不用难句（3）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主题句，起服从、论证、补充的作用,Types Of Paragraph Structures,At the beginning,At the end,In the middle,No clear topic sentence,English is clearly an international language.It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways o
5、f the world.Over 70 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.,主题句在段首或篇首,例2：If you buy some well-made clothes,you can save money because they can last longer.They look good even after they have been washed many times.Sometimes some clothes cost more money,but it does not mean that they are
6、 always better made,or they always fit better.In other words,some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.Q:The passage is mainly about_.A.well-made clothes B.more expensive clothes C.clothes that are not very expensive but look and fit better D.clothes that are expens
7、ive and well-made,主题句在段末或篇末,例3：In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market,Ford,General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before.The flood of cheaper foreign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted.
8、Ford operates as far as Asia,and General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer.Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能满足的）society.,Question:Which of the following statements best expresses the main
9、 idea of the paragraphA.GM is one of the largest car producers.B.Ford operates not only in the U.S.A.,but also in Asia.C.The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.D.The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers.,take sth.away of sb.和 cast sb.s
10、th.的意思相似,主题句在段中或篇中,Handshaking,though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China.Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe.It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met,they showed their unarmed(无武器的)hands to each other as a sign of goodwill.As time went on and
11、 trade in cities grew rapidly,people in cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement.This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other.“Lets shake(hands)on it”sometimes means agreement reached.,无主题句,The paragraph mainl
12、y tells us _.A.where handshaking was first practicedB.how handshaking came aboutC.about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD.about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China,解题技巧,技巧一：识别文体,技巧二：找关联词,技巧三:抓线索,技巧四:找高频词,技巧一：识别文体,新闻报道,导语提携全文,议论文,总-分-总,（论点论据结论）,说明文,主题句,（首中尾）,记叙文,记叙文六
13、要素,Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness),cancer,cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example,it can give one a“smokers cough”.Finally,studies have shown it is
14、easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer,cancer,smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?,议论文总-分-总,What is the main idea?A.cigarette smoking can cause cancer.B.smoking can cause the most serious and terrible disease(illness).C.smoking also can cause o
15、ther health problems.D.smoking is harmful.,D,If you were planning to buy a television set,the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention:“Color TV.Only 79.Two days sale.Hurry.”However,when you go to the store ready to buy.You may discover that they are sold out.But the shop assistan
16、t is quick to tell you that he has another model.A much better set which is“just right for you”It costs 395.This sales method is called“bait and switch”.Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement,and then they are switched to another more expensive one.Buying things on sale needs careful considera
17、tion of the goods and the reason for the sale.The paragraph could be entitled _.A.Buying A TV Set B.A Selling Method C.Buyer Beware D.TV On Sale,Mrs Turners telephone number was 3463;the number of the cinema in her town was 3464,people often made a mistake and telephoned her when they actually wante
18、d the cinema.One evening the telephone bell rang and Mrs Turner answered it.A tired mans voice came over the telephone:”At what time does your last film begin?”Im sorry”,said Mrs Turner,“but you have the wrong number.This is not the cinema.”“Oh,It began twenty minutes ago,”said the man.”Im sorry abo
19、ut that.Well,goodbye.”Mrs Turner was very surprised,so she told her husband.He laughed and said,”No,that wasnt a mistake.The mans wife wanted to go to the cinema,but he was feeling tired,so he telephoned the cinema.His wife heard him,but she didnt hear you.Now they will stay at home this evening,and
20、 the husband will be happy!”,Why was Mrs Turner surprised?Because the tired man _.A.wanted the cinema but called a wrong number.B.Asked her a silly question which she refused to answer C.Said something that had nothing to do with her answer.D.Was angry with himself for having made a mistake.,c,Often
21、 no one looks more guilty than the innocent.On the other hand,nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal.And the man who knows“everything”may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.So,it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance,（so,therefore,thus,in conclusi
22、on,in short,all in all,overall,clearly,In fact）,技巧二：找关联词,技巧三:从段落中归纳要点抓大意，理清线索.,有些文章或段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主题.这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意,Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with ho
23、nors.Harvard Law School and,later,Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A.Tom,who had studied at Paris Universities for four years,moved to another university.B.Tom became a lawye
24、r since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C.Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D.Tom received an excellent education.,detail,detail,detail,技巧四:从段落中寻找高频率词,任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词,Eg.9A new eight-kilom
25、eter road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system.It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day,which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project,two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of
26、the city,one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south.The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide,providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks
27、 and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel.The lighting is at the top of the tunnel,practically at its highest point.There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals.They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers.The wall is made up of four main elements,wh
28、ich include a waterproofing covering and,on the inside of the tunnel,a concrete lining.Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat.The surface of the road lies on the base,which is made of concrete and steel.The drainage system,just below the road surface on one si
29、de,removes any extra liquid,particularly water.In the event of fire,the fire main,which is made of steel,pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel.The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface.Other systems in the
30、tunnel will include emergency phones.,The passage is mainly about _.A.the construction of a road B.the design of a road C.the construction of two tunnels D.the design of two tunnels,主旨大意题的解题技巧,1、以原文为依据，不参杂个人意见，要客观不要主观。要克服“我认为怎么样”的观点。2、答案是比出来的。答案不选对的，只选最好的。比答案的原则是：好的不知道的；不知道的不对的。3、注意绝对化的词。如果答案选项中出现绝对
31、化的词，比如：all，always，never，nothing，every 等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则，一般都要排除。比如，原文中出现了这样一个句子：Almost everyone likes the music.答题时，要你判断如下这个句子正误（True or False）：Everyone likes the music.4、答案要避免以点带面，以偏盖全。尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。5、“傻瓜”原则。文章中没有提到的就当时不知道，不要枉自猜测，自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。6.主旨大意题的干扰项特点 可能是文中某个具体事实或细
32、节。可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事 实或细节片面推出的错误结论。可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。,F,实例1,Joshna Bingham studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He changed to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and later,Boston College provided him with an excellent leg
33、al background.He is presently a business lawyer in Miami,Florida.从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段落的主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢？通过仔细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后，我们便可领悟，作者想告诉读者的是：Joshna Bingham received an excellent education.所以说这种文章（或段落）只能从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图，这样才能推断出文章的主旨大意。,实例2,All students of geography should be able to explain
34、a weather map exactly.Weather condition is a huge amount of information about condition at a time of observation over a large geographical area.They show in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe.The United States Weather Office gives out information about coming storms,floods,fre
35、eze,dryness,and all climatic conditions in general.Twice a month it gives out a 30-day“out-look”which is a basic guide to weather conditions likely to happen all over the United States.,What is the main idea of this passage?A.Weather maps are very important to students of geography.B.Weather maps ca
36、n have a 30-day“outlook”.C.Students of geography should be able to make weather maps exactly.D.Those who major in geography should have the ability to have a good understanding of a weather map.,态度观点题及解题技巧,理解作者的意图,观点或态度的能力。标志词:attitude,purpose等。,技巧,态度词:Opposition反对，suspicion怀疑的，Approval支持，Optimistic乐观的，subjective主观的，objective客观的，pessimistic悲观的，biased有偏见的，impartial公正的，sensitive 敏感的，indifference冷漠(一般不选)。不要搀杂自己的观点寻找文中具有感情色彩的词抓论述的主线及举例的方式,指代题及解题技巧,整体理解文章的能力，并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。,技巧,返回原文，找出题的指代词找最近的名词,名词性词组或句子将找到的替换该指代词,看意思是否通顺找出最佳答案,Thanks for Listening!,
