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1、Noun Clauses,（二）,主语 主语在系表结构中是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么 His words are right.What he says is right.主语在主谓宾结构中是执行句子的行为或动作的主体 His deeds upset me.What he did upset me,主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常 放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。Whether he will come or not is not clear.It is obvious that he is the best student in the class.,
2、主语从句的结构,That Tom died yesterday is a great shock to us.*连词 从句 系动词 表语1.从句做主语2.从句的连词位于从句句首而且不可以省略3.从句陈述语序4.从句被视为三人称单数（有例外）5.从句时态不受主句的限制和影响,引导主语从句的连接词词有三类：1)连词that，whether。（不做句子成分）2)连接代词 who，what，which（主语和宾语）连接副词 when,where,how,why等（状语）根据具体的意思和结构选用不同的连接词,*连词的选用,*Example.,That you missed the chance is a
3、 pity.Whether he will come is uncertain.that/whether不做任何成分Where he has gone is unknown.连接副词在从句中作状语What you do is wrong.连接代词在从句从中做宾语,what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语,定语 而that 则不然。1)What you said yesterday is right.2)That she is still alive is good news.,连接词的比较,宾语,不作成分,whether
4、引导的主语从句含有是否的意思 that 引导的主语从句是一个事实 Tom can succeed remains unknown.Tom passed the exam made me happy.,连词 whether and that,Whether,That,*特殊词whatever and whoever,whatever=anything thatwhoever=anyone who不管是谁犯了法,他都应该受到惩罚。Whoever breaks the law should be punished.=Anyone who breaks the law should be punish
5、ed.Whatever you choose will be OK.=Anything that you choose will be OK.,2 主谓一致 谓语动词一般用单数,无论他说什么都不重要。_is of no importance.,特殊情况一What 引导的名词性从句+系动词+名词*What I need _ money.=Money is what I need*What I need _ books.=Books are what I need.,Whatever he says,is,are,主语从句后置 That we shall be late is certain.It
6、s certain that we shall be late.1.That the earth is round is known to all.2.That you missed the chance is a pity.,It is a pity that you missed the chance.,Its known to all that the earth is round.,It 的用法:(形式主语)It is+形容词+that-clauseIts possible/important/necessary/clear that It is possible that we ca
7、n finish the task on time.It is+名词+that-clauseIts a pity/shame that 很可惜 Its a fact that 是一个事实Its no wonder that 难怪It is a pity that you didnt come yesterday.,It+不及物动词+that-clauseIt seems that 似乎 It turned out that结果It happens that碰巧 It occurs to sb.that 某人突然想起*To my surprise,it turned out that I was
8、 wrong.让我惊讶的是，最后竟是我错了*It occurs to me that I havent finished my homework yet.It never occurred to me that I would meet Lu Xun.,It+过去分词+that-clauseIts said that据说翻译：据说他发现了一种新的植物。Its reported that.据报道翻译：据报道，有500人死于地震中。It has been proved that 已经被证实 It has been proved that he is innocent.It hasnt been d
9、ecided翻译：新的餐馆什么时候开放还没有决定。It is well-known that 很出名,It is said that he has discovered a new plant.,It is reported that 500 people died in the quake.,It hasnt been decided yet when the new restaurant will open.,主语从句的虚拟式,It is+形容词+that+虚拟语气这类形容词有necessary/important/strange/urgent/natural*It is necessar
10、y that you should have a rest.It is urgent that a meeting _ before the final decision is made.A.will be arranged B.must be arrangedC.be arranged D.would be arranged,C,要求demand;desire;request；require;建议 suggest;advise;propose;命令 order;command坚决主张 insist;这一类词构成了主语从句 从句要用虚拟语气。*It is suggested that chil
11、dren should be protected first when danger comes.有人建议当危险来临的时候，应该先保护孩子。,Noun clauses as the appositive,Grammar,什么是同位语,同位语用来对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释或说明，可以是单词、短语或从句。Mr.Smith,our new English teacher,is very strict with us in English study.Professor Smiths favorite exercise,playing tennis after school,kept him fi
12、t.The fact that sea water cant be used for drinking is known to us all.,例句对比,I dont know that he is Tom.宾语从句I have no idea that he is Tom.同位语从句He gives me a suggestion that I should come early.同位语从句He suggests that I should come early.宾语从句,在复合句中充当同位语成分的名词性从句叫做同位语从句.同位语从句一般跟在一些抽象名词(news，idea，fact，pro
13、mise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word（消息），possibility)后面,对名词作进一步解释说明.结构:n.+连接词+从句,同位语从句含义,I followed my doctors advice that I shouldtake regular exercise.我听从了我的医生的建议我应该定期的锻炼.,同位语从句和所解释的名词在内容上为同一关系,对其内容作进一步说明。如：,连词的选择*,引导同位语从句的连接词词有三类：1)连词that，whether。（不做成分）2)连接代词 who，what，which 连接
14、副词 when,where,how,why等 连词的选用要根据具体句子意思而定,1)The idea that ships made of steel could float 名词 连词 从句 surprised many people at that time.2)He will have to answer the question whether 名词 连词 he has married when he joins the army.从句3)The problem what he should eat for lunch bothers him a lot.午餐该吃什么这个问题让他很伤脑
15、筋,同位语从句的位置,1.同位语从句一般位于名词后The fact that light goes faster than sound is known to us all.Henry made a promise that he would not open the letter until 2 oclock.,*Word came that we won the first place in the sports meeting.消息传来说我们在运动会上得了第一名.,2.当主句的谓语较短,而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。,区分同位语从句和定语从句时,可以在先行词与从句之间加一个系动词
16、be,使之构成一个表语从句,如果句子通顺且符合逻辑,则为同位语从句,反之,则为定语从句。如：,3.同位语从句和定语从句的区别,I am happy at the news that I have passed the exam.同位语从句用be连接之后，句子为：The news is that I have passed the exam.I am fond of the flowers that I grow in the garden.定语从句用be连接之后，句子为：The flowers are that I grow in the garden.,同位语从句和定语从句简易区别法：1)同
17、位语从句that 只起连接作用,不作任何成分 定语从句 that 是关系代词,起连接作用和充当 宾语和主语2)同位语从句同位语从句和前面的名词是同位关系,对名词进行补充说明 定语从句 定从和前面的名词是限定修饰关系,对名词进行修饰,加以限定3)同位语从句that 不能省 定语从句 that 在从句中作宾语时,可以省,I am happy at the news that I have passed the exam.同位语从句that 起连接作用 在从句中不做任何成分 不可以省略从句是用来补充说明“the news”的I am fond of the flowers that I grow i
18、n the garden.定语从句 that 起连接作用 在从句中做宾语，可省略 从句是用来修饰限定“the flowers”的,同位语从句的的虚拟语气,在suggestion，advice，request，order等表示命令请求的词语后的从句应该改用虚拟语气I followed Toms advice that I(should)take regular exercise.我听从了Tom的建议我应该定期锻炼常见的这一类词有 demand,request,order suggestion,advice,command,proposal(提议),1.It worried her a bit _
19、 her hair was turning grey.A.which B.that C.if D.for2._ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It3.Its uncertain _ the experiment is worth doing.A.ifB.thatC.whether D.how,B,C,D,4._ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed intere
20、st in her lessons.A.What;whyB.That;whatC.What;becauseD.Why;that5._ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.A.WhatB.ThatC.ThisD.Which,A,B,6._ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where7._ leaves the room last ought t
21、o turn off the lights.A.Anyone B.The personC.Whoever C.Who8._ manners are very important in every country is known to all,but the trouble is _ different countries have different ideas about _ good manners are.A.That;that;what B.That;what;whatC.What;that;thatD.What;what;that,B,C,A,9._ he wont go ther
22、e is clear to all of us.A.How B.What C.Why D.This10.It is necessary that a college student _ at least a foreign language.A.masters B.should masterC.mastered D.will master11.Does _ matter if he cant finish the job on time?A.this B.that C.itD.he,B,C,C,12._ we have seen is quite different from _ we hav
23、e heard,so think twice before you make a decision.A.That;thatB.What;thatC.That;whatD.What;what13._ he saw in his office the day before yesterday is still a puzzle.A.That B.WhoseC.Which D.Whom14._ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.A.No matter what B.No matter whichC.
24、WhateverD.Whichever,D,D,D,Unit 4Astronomy:the science of the starsLearning about language,present presenceviolentconfidentdifferentpatient,violence,confidence,difference,patience,1 Use the correct prefix or suffix for each word.Write out the new word and explain the difference between the two.,Disco
25、vering useful words and expressions,certainfairpaidlikekind,unkind,uncertain,unfair,unpaid,unlike,cultureglobeuniverseagriculturemathematics,mathematical,cultural,global,universal,agricultural,artphysicschemistrybiologyscience,scientist,artist,physicist,chemist,biologist,1.At the beginning,the earth
26、 had no _.A.dust B.atoms C.water D.matter2.The development of a planet generally depends on _ combining together.A.atoms B.rocks C.gases D.water,C,A,2 Chooses the correct word to fill in each of these blanks.,3.The _ of mammals happened after the disappearance of the dinosaurs.A.harmful B.system C.s
27、pread D.method4.Mammals _ when the animals that were harmful to them disappeared.A.prevented B.multiplied C.depended D.existed,C,B,Is the moon a planet?This question is _ if students are to show that they understand the nature of _.,fundamental,astronomy,astronomy atom fundamental puzzle existpreven
28、t from as a result gave birth to,3 Complete the following passage with the words and phrases below in the correct form.,Some scientists think that the earth _ the moon because the moon circles our planet.Others believe that the moon _ before the earth was formed.They think that earlier in time it tr
29、aveled through space as a small planet which was caught by the earths gravity._,it goes around our planet.,gave birth to,existed,As a result,The evidence for this theory is that the _ that make up the rocks on the moon seem to be different from those on earth.What is clear is that the moon is smaller than the earth and this _ it _ escaping from the earth.Although its origin may still be a _,the moon can never be anything more than a satellite of the earth.,atoms,prevents,from,puzzle,
