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1、DFIDs Social Aspects of Construction(SAC)programme由国际发展部资助的建筑业社会问题(SAC)研究项目,Implementing labour standards in infrastructure programmes:lessons from country pilots在基建项目中实施劳工标准试点国家的教训Mary JenningsConsultant,The 9 Labour Standards 9个国际劳工标准,4 core(ILO)Freedom of associationForced labourChild labourDiscr
2、imination,5 broaderHealth&SafetyWagesHours&payCasualisationSocial Security,Broader standards based on international conventions of the ILO&provisions within regional/national laws,The international context 国际背景,Organisations working on labour standards in infrastructure:The ILO The World Bank Trade
3、Unions Multilaterals:ADB,IFC,EU,BNDES Bilaterals:DFID,JICA,DANIDA NGOs,Labour Standards&Poverty劳工标准与贫穷,Construction sector worlds largest employer of temporary workersImpact on livelihoodsDecent working conditionsSecurity of employmentEconomic security&protection from“shocks”Rights,freedoms,dignity,
4、well-beingPromotes productivity,Normal site practice 试点our starting point 我们的出发点,Notes from site visit,Zambia 20014 consecutive union reps dismissedWorkers paid$0.68 per day(below min wage)Workers kept as casuals for years to avoid SSInjured workers pay own hospital treatmentNo women employedNo over
5、time payWater initially provided then stopped,Practical challenges 实际挑战,Gaps between law and practiceLow capacity of local private sector firmsConstraints in operating environment-access to credit,plant,timely paymentInitial resistanceGovernment bias to lowest bidSustainability?Informal practices-in
6、correct certification level,falsification of records,leakage,Things we knew we had to do in the SAC programme：所要做的：,Base contract clauses on national law/include social clausesIdentify processes and issues for implementation&monitoringMake capacity building a central aspect of the programmeProvide i
7、ncentives for contractorsInform workers-and reward them for complianceAddress wider constraints-as far as possible-in collaboration with others(government,donors etc.),Labour standards:the SAC story劳工标准：SAC的故事,Implementation piloted in three countries:Ghana-formal contracting,bridges and roads progr
8、ammes(DFID funded)Kerala-community contracting in the context of state decentralisation(government funded)Zambia-unpaid labour and formal contracting in urban water and sanitation programme(International NGO implemented),Ghana:formal contracting加纳：正规签约,Context:Feeder roads bridges projectComprehensi
9、ve legal framework but Practice!Monitoring!(weakness of Min of Labour&TUs)Enforcement wont work talk,negotiate,draw in all stakeholders-incentivesCost labour standards into the contractCapacity building,Kerala decentralisation:community contracting 克雷拉放权：社区承包,Context:hospitals,schools,water supply,r
10、oadsNo legislative or regulatory frameworkCorruptionComprehensive worker protection in principle5 of 9 LS being appliedWhen transferring responsibility,how to transfer liability?Formal workersInformal workers,Zambia“participatory unpaid schemes”赞比亚参与式义务计划,Context:urban water and sanitationCommunity
11、contributions“in kind”materials,free labour or forced work?Objective of unpaid approach-ownership,cost sharing,sustainability?Be clear about conditions of unpaid labourStrong social relations:(+)(-)ve,Constraints/misunderstandings限制/误解,Myths 神话LS are an outside impositionCompliance is required nowIt
12、 is against contractor interestsWorkers are not interested,Reality 现实Standards are based on(inter)national lawImprovement is gradual Contractors welcome LS if supportedWorkers prefer to work for contractors who opt to address LS,Costs 成本,Ghana:physical provision of protective measures 2-3%of project
13、 costs+Social security,insuranceFacilitation of the processKerala:insurance for casual workers Rp17 per worker,Relevance to the China context 与中国的相关性,Closure of migrants detention centres has made their plight more visibleDelays in payment of construction workers commonplace and publicly visibleSARS/TB/HIV/AIDS construction sites are high risk transmission locationsCivil society groups providing active support to injured migrant workersResearch community documenting the plight of migrantsRural sector reform bringing movement of people to cities.Need to accord workers their legal rights,
