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1、句子的翻译-正反法,正反反正翻译法,英语和汉语均有从正面或反面来表达一种概念的现象。如果原文从反面表达直译出来不合乎译语习惯，就可考虑从正面表达，反之亦然。使用哪种方法，主要看译语表达习惯及修辞效果而定。,正反翻译法例句:,Herb may be dying somewhere,calling out for his mum and dad,and only strangers around him.,赫伯也许正在什么地方快死了，嘴里喊着爹妈，而周围连一个亲人也没有。,Poor as he was,he was above telling a lie in any case.,他虽然贫穷，但无
2、论如何也不会说谎。,His explanation is far from satisfactory.,他的解释不能让人满意。,反正翻译法例句:,We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.,我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。,黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不怀好心。,The weasel pays a courtesy visit to the hen with evil intent.,我们决不辜负全国人民对我们的希望。,We will live up to the expectations of our people.,我们完全不知道他的计划。,
3、We are in complete ignorance of his plan.,汉英两种语言的不同习惯用法,油漆未干。Wet paint.在他还没来得及阻拦我之前，我已经跑出教室。Before he could stop me,I had rushed out of the classroom.(*Before he could not stop me)在收据尚未签字以前不得付款。Before the receipt has been signed,the money must not be paid.(*Before the receipt has not been signed),英语
4、中含否定语气的词语有：,a动词：fail,miss,lack,ignore,refuse,withhold,refrain(from),neglect,deny,overlook,exclude等等。使我们失望的是他不顾大局。To our disappointment,he failed to take the overall situation into account.他上火车站去接他的朋友，可是未能在人群中见到他。He went to the station to meet his friend,but he missed him in the crowd.,b.名词：absence,f
5、ailure,refusal,ignorance,neglect,exclusion等等。他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.我们完全不知道他的计划。We are in complete ignorance of his plan.他未能履行诺言，我们大家都很失望。His failure to carry out his promise has disappointed everyone of us.,c.形容词和形容词短语：few,little,free from,far
6、 from,safe from,short of等等这次演出根本没有失败，而是十分成功。The show was far from being a failure;it was a great success.他的作文几乎没有语法错误。There are few grammatical mistakes in his composition.据悉敌军给养不足。It is reported that the enemy troops are short of supplies.,d.副词和副词短语：little,otherwise,tooto等等。他显然有不同的想法。He evidently t
7、hinks otherwise.我根本不知道他会遇到什么麻烦。I little knew what trouble he was going to have.他兴奋得说不出话来了。He was too excited to speak.,e.连词：unless,before,until,rather than,or等等。不了解这一点，就不能得到起码的知识。Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary knowledge.他宁愿饿死，不愿行窃。He will die of hunger b
8、efore he steals.部队宁可绕道走，也不踩庄稼。The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops.,f.介词和介词短语：without,above,except,beyond,instead of,in place of,out of等等。社会主义无疑比资本主义优越。Socialism is beyond doubt superior to capitalism.要不是你帮忙，那件任务我无法按时完成的。Without your help,I could not have fulfilled t
9、he task in time.我要铅笔，不要钢笔。I want a pencil instead of a pen.,外位语的英译,在汉语中，独立于句外，同时又和句中的某个成分指同一事物的成分叫做外位语。使用外位语的目的在于突出某一事物，以引起别人的注意，或为了简化复杂的长句，使之结构严谨，关系清楚。,对应法:即套用英语中含有外位语结构的句子框架。,有喜有忧，有笑有泪，有花有实，有香有色，既须劳动，又长见识，这就是养花的乐趣。（老舍：养花）,Joy and sorrow,laughter and tears,flowers and fruit,fragrance and colour,man
10、ual labour and increased knowledge all these make up the joy of flower cultivation.(translated by Zhang Peiji),把马克思主义的普遍真理同我国的具体实际结合起来，走自己的道路，建设有中国特色的社会主义，这就是我们总结长期历史经验得出的基本结论。,To integrate the universal truth of Marxism with the concrete realities of China,blaze a path of our own and build socialis
11、m with Chinese characteristics this is the basic conclusion we have reached in summing up the long historical experience.,拆句法:即将外位语结构改变成一个独立的句子或并列分句。,健全自己身体，保持合理的规律生活，这是自我修养的物质基础。（周恩来我的修养要则）Keep fit,lead a reasonable and regular life.This is the material basis for training.,遇事想争个第一，而且能争到第一，这就不简单。,He
12、 not only wants to excel he does excel.Thats not easy.,还原法:即将外位语结构改变成句中的一个成分。,他们必须懂得，消灭阶级，消灭国家权力，消灭党，全人类都要走这条路的，问题只是时间和条件。（毛泽东选集四卷，1405页）They must understand that the road to the abolition of classes,to the abolition of state power and to the abolition of parties is the road all mankind must take;it
13、 is only a question of time and conditions.,能不能尽快地把科学技术搞上去，这是一个关系到社会主义建设的全局，关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。Whether science and technology can be pushed forward as quickly as possible is a question of vital importance for socialist construction as a whole and for the destiny and future of our country.,倒置法:汉语里往往先叙事
14、，后表态，叙事部分可以很长，而表态部分则较短。这在复杂的外位语结构中表现得十分突出。外位语往往是叙事部分。而句子中表语则是表态部分。在英语里，一般表态在前叙事在后。因此与句中主语指同一事物的外位语，在翻译成英语后，如果作为句子的成分，就可以置于表语的位置上，而原文句中的表语可以翻译成主语。,实现四个现代化，这是我们今后相当长时间的中心工作。（人民日报1980年元旦社论）For a relatively long period ahead,the focus of our work is to realize the four modernizations.工厂、铁道、枪炮等，这些是物质条件。T
15、he material conditions are factories,railways,firearms,artillery,and the like.,转化法,即将外位语结构转化为名词从句或不定式短语，置于句末，作主语，而用it作形式主语。,敌人的武力是不能征服我们的，这点已经得到证明了。It has been proved that the enemy cannot conquer us by force of arms.不调查、不研究、提起笔来“硬写”，这就是不负责任的态度。（毛泽东选集三卷，807页）It is sheer irresponsibility to pick up t
16、he pen and“force ourselves to write”without investigation or study.,外位语英译练习,高粱、玉米、黄豆，这些已经收割完了。百花齐放，百家争鸣，这是促进艺术发展和科学进步的方针靠山脚有一排用竹子搭成的草棚，这就是三连的营房了。钢盔、皮包、水壶、刺刀、剃胡刀、旅行药箱、旅行收音机等等，这些东西在门口摊了一地。他这件事做得多好，这真是了不起。,The sorghum,the maize and the soya-beans have all been harvested.Letting a hundred flowers blosso
17、m and a hundred schools of thought contend is the policy for promoting progress in the arts and sciences.At the foot of the mountain was a row of thatched shacks,built of bamboo-poles.This was Third Companys camp.Steel helmets,leather satchels,flasks,bayonets,razors,small medicine kits,portable radiosall these were littered on the ground at the doorway.It is wonderful how well he did it.,
