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1、翻译技巧,1.翻译的评分标准和步骤2.翻译中常见的问题和分析3.翻译中常见的句型4.翻译真题解析,翻译标准方法步骤,1.标准:准确、通顺、完整。2.方法:以直译为主适当意译。3.步骤:通读全句,准确理解。分析成分,划分意群。选择词义,贴切表达。适当调整,书写译文。,翻译常见问题和应对政策,1.理解表达不到位是翻译的最大问题。2.理解关键在于理解句子的语法结构。3.表达关键在于用符合英语语言的习惯来做适当调整。4.加强句法和和词汇基础,持之以恒。,在做四级汉译英翻译题时,如何排除干扰因素、抓住重点、轻松得分是考生们比较关心的问题。由于我们习惯了中文的表达方式,所以在选择句型时容易产生偏差,造成词
2、语的修饰范围和感情色彩等方面使用不当,从而导致失分。因此考生在平时的备考中应该重视对英文句型的积累。在选择恰当句型的基础上,结合一些翻译技巧和方法,在短时间内将中文准确、通顺地转换成英文,这是应对四级翻译题最行之有效的方法。本期我们仅以句型为切入点,浅谈句型的翻译。,考生应该注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式:1.由 if 引导的虚拟句子(1)与现在的事实相反:(If.+were/did.,.+would do.)If I were you,I would marry him.如果我是你,就会嫁给他.(2)与过去的事实相反:(If.+had done.,.+would have done.)If yo
3、u had worked hard,you would have passed the exam.如果你用功学习,就会通过考试了.(3)与将来的事实可能相反:(If.+should do.,.+would do.)If it should rain tomorrow,what would you do 如果明天下雨,你怎么办,(一)虚拟语气,2.用在表示要求,建议,命令等的名词从句中从句谓语形式为:.(should)+do sth.(在美语中should常省去).类似用法的动词有:insist(坚持),suggest(建议),order(命令),propose(建议),demand(要求),c
4、ommand(命令),advise(建议),desire(要求,请求),request(请求),require(需要,要求),ask(要求),prefer(宁愿),recommend(推荐),arrange(安排),advocate(拥护,提倡),maintain(坚决主张)等后面的宾语从句中.,3.用在It+be+important(necessary,natural,essential,strange,absurd,amazing,annoying,desirable,surprising,vital,advisable,anxious,compulsory,crucial,imperat
5、ive,eager,fitting,possible,impossible,improper,obligatory,probable,preferable,strange,urgent等,以及insisted,suggested,ordered,requested,arranged,recommended等)+that.结构中的that 引导的主语从句中.,4.用在It is time that.结构中,表示该干某事了,含建议的意思,用动词过去式.It is time(that)we went to bed.咱们该睡觉了.注意:time 前可加about(表示大约)或high(表示强调)等.,
6、5.wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示一种与现在事实相反的愿望:用过去完成时或过去完成进行时表示与过去事实相反的愿望:若用would则表示请求或对现状不满希望将来有所改变等.If only的用法和I wish等基本相同,只是更富有感情色彩.,6.as if/as though方式状语从句中的虚拟语气从句用一般过去时表示和现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑;用过去完成时表示过去想象中的动作或情况.但是,若在seem/look/sound/smell等动词之后,谓语动词用来表示事实上可能存在的事实时,也可以用陈述语气.,7.would rather 后的宾语从句中的虚拟
7、语气would rather/would sooner和would just as soon等表示宁愿.其后的that引导的宾语从句用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的一种愿望.然而,若谈论的是过去的行为或情况,宾语从句则用过去完成形式.,8.1est方式状语从句中的虚拟语气从句用should+原形或直接用原形,不受主句动词时态的任何影响.We talked in low voice lest we should wake the baby up.,倒装,1.当only+状语位于句首表示强调时用倒装,如不在句首用正常语序.Only when you have obtained sufficient
8、data can you come to a sound conclusion.只有当你获得足够的数据时,你才能得出正确的结论.Only in this way can we catch up with the worlds advanced levels in science and technology.只有这样我们才能赶上世界的先进科学技术水平.其他如:only then,only once,only in AmericaChina,only after the accident等.真题【CET-6:2007.6】Only in the small town_.(他才感到安全和放松)参考
9、答案:does she feel secure and relaxed,2.never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装.这类词或词组常用的有:never,seldom,rarely,little,hardly,scarcely,not until,by no means,under no circumstances,under no condition,in no way(决不),in no case(决不),neither(nor),no sooner(than),hardly(when),barely(仅仅,几乎不),on no account,in no circumstance
10、s(决不),not a bit,nowhere,not only,but also等.Not only was Churchill a statesman,but also a poet.丘吉尔不仅是一位政治家,还是一位诗人.Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense.我从未听到过这种胡说!【CET-6:2007.12】The witness was told that under no circumstances_.(他都不应该对法庭说谎)参考答案:should he lie to the court.,【CET-6:2007.1】_(直到
11、截止日他才寄出)his application form.参考答案Not until the deadline did he send(out),3.the more,the more结构中的倒装.【CET-4:2006.6】90.The more you explain,_(我愈糊涂).参考答案:the more confused I am,强调,1.It is/was+被强调部分+that/who对于这个结构,需要注意以下几点:(1)被强调部分主要是主语,宾语,宾补和状语,不能强调表语;强调句也可用来强调特殊疑问句中的疑问词.(2)除了is,was外,be还可以采用其他形式.(3)被强调部
12、分如果是人或物,that可用who/whom/which替代:被强调部分如果是时间状语或地点状语,其引导词只能是that,而不能用when或where:强调时间状语时,若有否定词not.应提到从句前面.(4)强调句可用来强调多种状语从句,但不能用来强调让步状语从句和比较状语从句;强调句可用来强调because引导的原因状语从句.但不能用来强调since和as引导的原因状语从句.(5)在强调主语时,被强调的主语若是人称代词,一般用主格.that后的谓语动词应在人称,数上保持一致,【CET-6:2007.1】_(直到截止日他才寄出)his application form.参考答案:It was
13、not until the deadline that he sent(out),替代,为了避免重复,可用不定代词,指示代词等替代名词或名词结构.也可用so或not来替代从句.动词结构的替代词一般为do(does/did).应注意:1.代词one和that都可以用来指代前文出现的名词.one/ones可指人或物,只能代替可数名词;one前面有修饰语时,常用a/an+形容词;ones前面一般都带有修饰语,one/ones后面常跟修饰语或形容词从句.that用来代替前面已出现的可数名词或不可数名词时,后面通常跟有修饰语;that相当于the one时只能指物;those代替可数名词的复数,既可指人
14、,也可指物;those后面一般跟有修饰语:those相当于the ones.,2.代词it和one都可以用来指代前文出现的名词.one指代泛指的东西,可用来指人;it指代特定的东西,可用来指物.3.do/does/did可代替前面已出现过的动词或谓语.4.so/not常出现在某些动词后面代替整个that从句.其中so代替肯定句;not代替否定句.在it appears与it seems句型中也可以用so代替that从句.,主谓一致,1.由and或bothand连接两个主语时,谓语动词一般要用复数.但当并列主语作为整体或指同一个人,同一事物时,谓语动词用单数.由and连接的两个以上名词,如果前面
15、有each/every/no时,谓语动词通常采用第三人称单数形式.,2.当or/eitheror/neithernor或not onlybut also连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时,谓语动词取决于最接近它的名词或代词的数.在主语后有as well as等+名词结构的句子中,主谓一致不受修饰语或as well as等+名词结构中名词的数影响.此外,主语后若跟有accompanied by/along with/as much as/besides/except(but)An addition to/including/instead of/no less than/not to mentio
16、n/in company with/like/more than/rather than/(together)with等+名词的结构,也不影响谓语动词的数,例如:Unemployment as well as taxes influences votes./Taxes,not to mention unemployment,influence votes.,3.单个非谓语动词,短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般要用第三人称单数形式.但是,在what引导的主语从句中,若表语与谓语动词be均为复数形式.那么主句谓语动词可用复数形式.4.the+形容词/过去分词作主语,如果表示一类人或动物,谓语动词用
17、复数.但如果表示一个单独的人或表示一个抽象的概念或某种特征,常用单数.,5.表示时间,金钱,距离,体积,小数等的名词词组作主语时,其谓语动词常用单数.如果主语表示具体的,个别的单位,谓语动词用复数.以s结尾的表示疾病或游戏的名词和以ics结尾表示学科领域的名词,谓语动词用单数.但如果表示学科领域的名词用来表示具体行为,观点,数字,谓语动词就要用复数.以ings形式结尾的名词作主语时,谓语动词常用复数.有两个部分组成的物体名词,常以复数形式出现,因此,当这些词作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式.但当这类名此前有 pair of,且pair是单数形式,谓语动词也应该用单数形式.事件,国名,机构名称,书
18、及其他作品的名称用作主语时,尽管有时以复数形式出现,谓语动词仍用单数.,被动的翻译,首先,我们可以根据需要,用汉语主动句来表达英语被动句。如1.Their ship was wrecked on the rock.2.The official version of the incident has been challenged by many witnesses 3.The desks in the classroom were all spotted with ink 4.He was regarded as the most successful young businessman of
19、 this year,其次,如果英语中的被动意义必须表达出来,那么可根据实际内容用下列词语来表示被动:“被”、“把”、“由”、“为”、“靠”、“遭到”、“受(到)”、“叫”、“让”、“加以”、“得到”、“是的”、“使”、“给”、“为所”等等。如:1.Many lakes and rivers have been polluted with industrial waste 2.Computers are being used widely in China 3.The classroom was cleaned by him,最后,有些含有形式主语的英语句子,在英译汉时常改为主动句,可在汉译中
20、加上主语“有人”、“人们”、“我们”、“大家”等,有的也可以不加。如:It is asserted that 有人主张 It is believed that 据信 It is generally considered that 人们普遍认为 It is hoped that 人们希望 It is reported that 据报道 It is said that 据说 It is supposed that 据推测 It is well-known that 众所周知 It must be admitted that 必须承认 It must be pointed out that 需指出的
21、是 It was told that 据传 It will be said that 有人会说,there be句型,1.there作引导词的句子通常表示存在,主要由there+be+名词词组(+修饰语)等构成,为倒装句.其中be是不及物动词,因而可用其他不及物动词替代,如:arrive/come/enter/follow/pass等.appear/emerge/occur/spring up等表示出现的动词,exist/lie/1ive/remain/stand等表示静态的动词,构成there+v.+名词词组这样的句型.有时,there引导的句型还有被动式.这一用法只限于极少数动词.如con
22、sider/expect/intend/mean等.there be+no+动名词表示不可能.而there is no point/sense/need/use+动名词表示没有必要,理由,需要或没有用等.例如:There is no telling what will happen to them./There is no sense in electing her chairman.,2.there be句型中的be可以采用being的形式.being为现在分词或动名词,there being+名词词组一般出现在书面语中,可以用作状语和宾语.there be句型中的be也可以采用不定式形式,
23、也是书面语.there to be可用作下列动词的宾语ask/expect/hate/intend/like/mean/prefer/want等.当there to be用作主语时,前面要带for.,have+宾语+非谓语动词结构,have+宾语+非谓语动词这一结构较为复杂.have为使役动词时,非谓语动词可以是不带to的动词不定式,现在分词或过去分词,此时它们是宾补.1.若非谓语动词为不带to不定式.宾语则为不定式的逻辑意义上的主语.2.若非谓语动词为过去分词.宾语则为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,对象.3.若非谓语动词为现在分词,宾语则为现在分词逻辑意义上的主语,具有听任,保持等特殊含义或
24、表示某种即将来临的事态,真题辨析,比如2008年6月四级题中,有如下题目:1)_(与我成长的地方相比),this town is more prosperous and exciting.2)_(直到他完成使命)did he realize that he was seriously ill.,解析:上面两道题的标准答案是Compared with the place in which/where I grew up和 Not until he had finished the mission。前者用到“compared with.”,后者用到“not until.”。,3)Please co
25、me here at ten tomorrow morning _(如果你方便的话).解析:从表面上看,“如果的话”很容易使人联想到“if.”“on the condition that.”“providing that.”等,这些看起来都行得通,但实际操作的时候,仍然是以简练为原则,所以直接译为“at your convenience”就可以了。三个单词,既表达了本句子包含的全部内涵,又符合英文习惯。可见,四级考试对句型的考查很灵活,既有常见句型,又有灵活多变的短语。又如:,现阶段对于你来说,没有比高考更重要的事情了。解析:这个句子可用句型Nothing is+.than.,因此翻译过来是A
26、t present,nothing is more important than the college entrance examination to you.不可否认,考试本身并不是我们学习的最终目的。解析:这道题可用句型There is no denying that+S+V.,可翻译为There is no denying that taking exams itself is not the final purpose of our study.,6)这两家公司的合作关系每况愈下。解析:可用句型from bad to worse,可翻译成The cooperation between
27、 the two companies has gone from bad to worse.在上面三个例句中,句型较为明显,在遇到结构类似的考题时,可以直接套用。但并非所有题目都 可以一眼看出该用什么句型。例如:时间宝贵,不容浪费。解析:这句话言简意赅,题目本身没有包含过多的信息。单从题目表面来看,无法确定该用什么句型。对于这样的句子就需要分析其逻辑关系,原句的逻辑关系是因果关系由于时间如此宝贵,所以不能浪费它。可以使用so.that.句型,翻译为So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.,二、抛开肯定、否定的表象,把握句子实质在句
28、子意思不发生任何改变的前提下,中文和英文在肯定和否定上是可以互相转换的,甚至在同一个句子中,也可将肯定和否定搭配使用。英文中有一些经典的肯定和否定句型,与中文意思貌似南辕北辙,实际却可以巧妙地互相翻译,这需要扎实的语言功底和对句式的透彻了解,否则就有可能弄巧成拙,使意思发生改变,甚至完全背离原来要表达的意思。例如:,7)一派胡言!要是你是苏格拉底的话,那我就是笛卡尔了。解析:这个句子里面并没有否定词,但斟酌起来,“要是那”并不是表示现实条件,而是对前后两个部分都进行否定。因此应该使用句型not.any more than,翻译成Thats nonsense!You are not Socrat
29、es any more than I am Descartes.,8)他不仅没能好好照顾自己的孩子,还成为了他们的累赘。解析:这个句子从表面上看,似乎可以使用not only.but also.句型。但进行逻辑分析后就会发现,这个句子并不是“他不仅相貌英俊,而且天资聪颖”这样两个成分并列的句子,而是对前半句所属事实的否定和对后半句的肯定。这样就可以套用“not so much.as.”的句型,翻译为:He does not so much take good care of his children as become a burden to them.,三、表示条件的句子的翻译表示条件的句子
30、,包括表示现实以及虚拟条件的句型,在翻译的时候,有很多种灵活的表达方式。选择的时候,第一要简洁明了;第二要语义、语气、语态到位;第三整个句子要自然。例如:,9)The substance does not dissolve in water _(不管是否加热).解析:“不管是否”这样的字眼,首先是最值得分析的,表示的是可实现的条件,还是虚拟条件?在这里,整个句子表达的是一种物质的物理性质、惯常状态,是不以时间为转移的,所以首先可以判断出填空部分应该是一般现在时。确定时态之后,再分析“不管”二字,如果没有“是否”,可以有“regardless of.”“no matter.”等多种翻译方法。但考
31、虑到有正反两部分条件存在,都不会改变其结果这个意思,所以确定用“whether.or not.”句型,即答案为whether(it is)heated or not。,10)The victim _(本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time.解析:句子属于虚拟,句中的“he”没有被及时送往医院,所以他没能活下来。因此后半句用的是“if he had been”,那么前面自然应该用“could/would+have+过去分词”,由此可以得出答案是would/could have a chance to survive。,11)假以时日,
32、他一定能比你游得更好。解析:这句话可翻译成过去分词作状语的条件从句“Given more time,he sure will swim better than you.”。,常见短语和重要句型的翻译,1)It goes without saying that.不言而喻的是 2)It is common knowledge that.众所周知的是 3)It occurs to me that.我突然想起 4)It is not that.but that.并不是说而是说 5)more.than.与其说不如说 She is more like his mother than like his te
33、acher.6)no more.than.和一样都不 There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,any more than they can limit how much water you drink.他们没有理由限制你服用多少维生素,就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。,8)not.all.,all is.not.并不是都 All that glitters is not gold.Both of the books are not helpful.Everyone doesnt want to go to t
34、he concert.9)cannot.too.无论也不过分 We cant praise him too much.10)much less,still less,to say nothing of,not to mention,let alone更不用说 He knows little of mathematics,and still less of chemistry.In old China,there was hardly any machine-building industry,to say nothing of an electronic industry.All they h
35、ave to do is to press a button,and they can see plays,films,operas and shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.,11)so.that.如此以至于 And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a
36、new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.12)not so much.as.与其说不如说 13)not.because.(否定转移)并不是因为 The police didnt arrest me because I committed any crime.They said I was wandering on the street with the intent of committing an arrestable offense.14)anything.but.一点也不,决不 nothing.but.就是,仅仅,but for.要不是 Alone in a deserted house,he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.But for your timely help,we couldnt have finished the work on time.,15)as特殊状语从句,译为定语从句 as we call it 16)what is called.所谓的,所说的(东西)17)such.as.诸如 18)not.not.双重否定,可依情况译为没有不,或每一个,都,