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1、Tourism Translation,-With special emphasis on CE translation,Stylistic features of tourism texts,1.实用性强，文体丰富多样 旅游指南属描写型，用词要生动形象，明白晓畅；旅游广告与其他广告语一样属呼唤型，用词短小精悍，富有创意，句式简洁活泼，具有极强的吸引力和号召力；旅游合同，属契约型，用词规范，表达准确，程式化明显；旅游行程，属信息型，用词简洁明了，具有提示性。,2.旅游文本涉及的知识面广，词汇量大 旅游是一门综合性的活动，它涉及地理、历史、政治、宗教、文学、艺术甚至天文、考古等多方面知识，因此旅
2、游英语词汇量极大。inclusive tour 包餐旅游，keep-fit tourqigong,taiji,prescription on individual diagnosis,and herbal cuisine 康健旅游（气功，太极，就诊及药膳）,山水文化聚落文化园林文化建筑文化宗教文化民族文化民俗文化,饮食文化诗词文赋文化书画雕塑文化戏曲舞蹈文化工艺美术文化花鸟虫鱼文化,3.生动形象，引人入胜 旅游英语总是运用活泼而风趣的措辞，生动而高雅的描述，给人以美的享受，激发起浓厚的游兴。落泉别墅体现了动与静，变幻与永恒，强劲与易逝的对立，使人生处于矛盾之中：兴致勃勃的进取与忧虑不安。Fal
3、ling water is a study in oppositesmotion and stability,change and permanence,power and ephemeralitythat make the human condition a paradox of welcome adventure and anxious uncertainty.,4.活泼热情，富有感染力 旅游文本往往热情活泼，朗朗上口，融旅游与宣传于一体。Where to now?Ill tell you:the Oasis,the best Mexican food at that altitude i
4、n the cityand the most spectacular sunset.现在去哪？我来告诉你去哪：绿洲餐馆，那里有全城最好的墨西哥食品和最壮观的日落景观。,翻译“目的论”(the Skopostheory)是由德国功能派学者Vermeer 和Christiane Nord 提出来的。“目的论”的核心是“目的决定手段”(the translation purpose justifies the translation process.“the end justifies the means”)目的论是旅游翻译的指导性理论。旅游宣传资料的目的是传播中国文化，吸引游客，让外国人看懂、听懂
5、、读懂。,“以中国文化为取向；以译文为重点。”（张宁）所谓以中国文化为取向，就是尽量保留中国文化信息，尽量多地宣传中国文化，因为了解中国文化是外国旅游者的重要目的，而翻译的主要目的就是促进文化交流。所谓以译文为重点，即指翻译旅游资料时，既要忠实于原文又不拘泥于原文。要从译文读者的角度出发，对信息进行适当调整，让他们好读好懂。,Translation of scenic spots,景点名称是游客接触到的第一道风景，是他们对景观本身的第一印象，好的译名对吸引游客注意力，提高他们的游览兴趣至关重要。一般来说，“景点名称的翻译不外乎直译、意译、音译、音译加直译、直译加音译、意译加直译等几种。然而，什
6、么情况下采用什么译法就需要译者具备敏锐的跨文化意识，其指导原则应是始终以传播中国文化为取向。”（陈刚，2002）下面就以故宫里的几个景观名称的翻译为例来比较说明旅游景点名称翻译的方法。故宫里面几个主要宫殿的名称历来有多种译法，有的是完全音译，有的音译和意译结合，还有的完全意译。,太和殿-Taihedian;Taihedian Hall;Hall of Supreme Harmony中和殿-Zhonghedian;Zhonghedian Hall;Hall of Complete Harmony保和殿-Baohedian;Baohedian Hall;Hall of Preserving Har
7、mony文华殿-Wenhuadian;Wenhua Hall;Hall of Literary Glory武英殿-Wuyingdian;Wuying Hall;Hall of Military Prowess乾清宫-Qianqinggong;Qianqinggong Palace;Hall of Heavenly Purity交泰殿-Jiaotaidian;Jiaotaidian Hall;Palace of Union and Peace坤宁宫-Kunninggong;Kunninggong Palace;Palace of Earthly Tranquility,完全音译的方法适用于行政区
8、划名称如城市、乡镇、县城、村庄等的翻译,如北京（Beijing）、八达岭(Badaling)、北戴河(Beidaihe)、西安(Xian)、长安(Changan)、临潼(Lintong)等。在这个原则的指导下，“银川”只能译成Yinchuan,而不能译作Silver Stream;同样，长安只能是Changan,而不是Everlasting Peace。如果用完全音译的方法来翻译非行政区划的景点名称，情况又当别论。故宫里面的皇家寓所如果均采用音译，对外国游客来说，仿佛是毫无意义的符号的堆砌，达不到介绍中国文化，让游客看懂、听懂的翻译目的。,音意双译一般都采用专名音译，通名意译的方法，牵涉到历史
9、上和传说中的人物时，尤其如此。例如茅盾故居(Mao Duns Former Residence)、杜甫草堂（Dufus Thatched Cottage）等。许多山河湖海的名称也多采用此译法。译名统一：如果景点名称属于汉语的“单名”，为照顾音韵，应将通名音译出来，例如太湖(Taihu Lake)、黄山(Huangshan Mountain)、华山（Huashan Mountain）、豫园(Yuyuan Garden)等等；如果是“双名”，则不必将湖、山、海、园等词音译出来，如普陀山（Putuo Mountain）、峨嵋山（Emei Mountain）等。,完全意译对保留原文形象及文化、历史内涵
10、至关重要，如以上所列举的故宫景点名称的意译。此外像“三潭印月”（Three Pools Mirroring the Moon）、“紫来洞”（Purple Source Cave）、“寒山寺”（Cold Mountain Temple）、“拙政园”（Garden of Humble Administrator）、“狮子林”（Lions Grove）等，都是很好的例证。但是，完全意译也有不足之处，因为没有音译，外国人就缺少一个途径，无法与中国读法之间建立直接的联系。比较恰当的译法时音译与意译相结合（闵大勇等，1992）。再以“鹰嘴岩”为例：鹰嘴岩-Yingzuiyan；Yingzuiyan Cli
11、ff；Yingzuiyan（Eagle Beak Cliff）。,东海 the East China Sea 邛海(四川)the Qionghai Lake 大滩海（香港）Long Harbour 牛尾海（香港）Port Shelter 蜀南竹海 the Bamboo Forest in Southern Sichuan,潭柘寺（北京）The Temple of Pool and Oak栊翠庵（红）Green Lattice Nunnery 塔尔寺（青海）Taer Lamasery凤凰寺（浙江）Fenghuang Mosque 包公寺（河南）The Memorial Temple of Bao
12、 Zheng,广场：1.商业性写字楼群或购物中心Zhonghua Plaza,宏城Grand Plaza2.用作花园或休闲的开放性区域Time Square,Hero Square3.实际为商业功能性设施正佳Grandview Mall，天河城Teem Mall,白云山Baiyun Mountain/White Cloud Hills陈家祠Chen Clan Academy/Chen Family Temple 南越王墓博物馆 Nanyue King Mausoleum Museum六榕寺/六榕塔Six-banian Monastery/Six-banyan Pagoda中山纪念堂Sun Ya
13、t-sens Memorial Hall七星岩/星湖Seven-star Crag(Rocks)/Star Lake故宫博物院Palace Museum,the Forbidden City,天坛Temple of Heaven香山（公园）Fragrant Hill(Park)居庸关Juyongguan Pass十三陵（水库）The Ming Tombs(Reservoir)圆明园Ruins of Yuanmingyuan泰山Taishan Mountain/Mount(Mt.)Taishan象鼻山Elephant Trunk Hill西湖West Lake,滇池 Lake Dianchi天池
14、Heavenly Lake岳阳楼Yueyang Tower张家界Zhangjiajie Nature Reserve九寨沟Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve龙门石窟Longmen Grottoes莫高窟Mogao Caves秦始皇兵马俑Museum of Qinshihuangs Terra Cotta Warriors,长江三峡the Three Gorges(on the Yantze River)都江堰Dujiangyan Dam(a 2000-year-old irrigation project)中山陵Dr.Sun Yat-sens Mausoleum/Tomb豫园Y
15、uyuan Garden 外滩the Bund天涯海角Ends of the Earth成吉思汗墓Genghis Khans Graveyard日月潭Sun Moon Lake,罗马竞技场Colosseo 艾菲尔铁塔Eiffel Tower 巴黎圣母院Notre Dame de Paris罗浮宫Louvre Museum/Palais du Louvre 吴哥窟Angkor Wat大本钟Big Ben 富士山Fuji Mountain,Translation of tourism publicity materials,Amplification,翻译旅游资料要求有针对性，是向外国游客介绍中国
16、的风景名胜。其中有许多民族传统文化色彩浓厚的东西，在中国妇孺皆知。但译成英文时要增添理解原文内容所必需的背景知识，如：历史事件发生的年代，名人的生卒年代，他们的身份及其在历史上的贡献，名胜的具体位置等等以帮助外国游客更好地理解。,林则徐Lin Zexu,government official of the Qing Dynasty(16361911)and the key figure in the Opium War西域The western Regions(a Han Dynasty term for the area west of Yumenguan Pass,including wh
17、at is now XInjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and parts of Central Asia)在西安的六十四米高的大雁塔是玄奘西游印度回国后的居留之地。The 64-meter-high Dayan Pagoda in Xian is the place where Xuan Zang,a great monk in the Tang Dynasty,once lived after returning from India.,路左有一巨石，石上原有苏东坡手书“云外流春”四个大字。To its left is another rock formerl
18、y engraved with four big Chinese characters Yun Wai Liu Chun(Beyond clouds and flows spring)written by Su Dongpo(10371101),the most versatile poet of the Northern Song Dynasty(960-1127).林边有一个洞，叫白龙洞。传说白蛇传的白娘子曾经在这里修炼。Near the forest is the White Dragon Cave which is said to be the very place where Lad
19、y White,the legendary heroine of The Story of the White Snake,cultivated herself according to Buddhist doctrine.,寺前有冷泉，飞来峰等诸胜，据说苏东坡守杭时，常携诗友僚属来此游览，并在冷泉上“书扇判案”。It is said that the Northern Song Dynasty poet Su Dongpo,when he served as governor of Hangzhou,used to go to the temple with his friends and
20、subordinates for a visit.And he is said to have handled a court case in the Cold Spring for the owner of a fan shop,for Su was a famous painter,calligrapher as well as a poet.绍兴是越瓷的产地。Shaoxing is the home of Yue Porcelain.Yue is a state name used to refer to the Shaoxing region in Ancient China.,Ann
21、otation,解释是指增加的部分是对字、词、句的字面意思的解释。花港观鱼：Hua Gang Guan Yu(Viewing Fish at Flower Harbor)孤山:Gushan(Solitary Hill)三官店里有一株茶花树，在寒冬腊月开出一树鲜花，璀璨如锦，因此又名“耐冬”。There is a camellia tree in the Sanguan Palace blooming fully in midwinter,so it is called Naidong,meaning it can stand bitterly cold winters.,湖南省位于长江中下游南
22、部，东经108度至114度，北纬24至30度。因地处洞庭湖之南，所以叫做湖南。Huan Province lies just south of the middle reaches of the Changjiang(Yangtze)River between 108 and 114 E longitude and 24 and 30 N latitude.As it is also situated south of Lake Dongting,the Province has the name Hunan,which means“south of the lake”.,（鲁迅纪念馆）对外开
23、放场所包括：鲁迅故居，百草园，三味书屋，鲁迅祖居和鲁迅生平事迹陈列厅。Open to visitors are Lu Xuns former residence(including his ancestral residence and the San Wei Study),the Bai Cao Garden and the exhibition hall.Notes:Bai Cao Garden,a waste vegetable plot that made a paradise for little Lu Xun.San Wei Study(literally three-flavor
24、 study),Shao Xings most widely known and influential private school in those days where young Lu Xun studied classics for about five years.,Omission,对旅游资料中有关中国传统文化特有的产物，若直接按字面译成英语，对理解原文没有任何帮助，甚至外国游客根本就看不懂，应当适当删改在我国最早的典籍中，即有关这条河的记载。尚书禹贡：“漆沮既从，沣水攸同”，诗经大雅：“沣水东注，维禹之绩”，说明沣水在远古就是一条著名的河流。Records about the
25、river can be found even in the earliest Chinese classics,which proves that the Feng River has been well known since ancient times.,“烟水苍茫月色迷，渔舟晚泊栈桥西。乘凉每至黄昏后，人依栏杆水拍堤。这是古人赞美青岛的诗句。青岛市一座风光秀丽的海滨城市，夏无酷暑，冬无严寒。西起胶州湾入海处的团岛，东至崂山风景区的下清宫，绵延80多华里的海滨组成了一幅绚烂多彩的长轴画卷。”Qingdao is a beautiful coastal city.It is not hot
26、 in summer and not cold in winter.The 20-km-long scenic line begins from Tuan Island at the west end to Xiaqing Gong of Mount Lao at the east end.,在孔庙大门前，在意境深邃的乐曲声和宏亮悠远的礼炮声中，孔庙庄严的大门徐徐打开，身穿古代学士服的修学成员，跟随近百身着古装的演员进入孔庙，在踏进孔庙的一刹那，仿佛越过千年、越过万载，跨越了千山万水的阻隔，即将与孔子进行一次面对面的交流，这种激动与自豪只有亲身经历才有最深切的体验，而且将回味一辈子。Amids
27、t the majestic music and the resounding celebration firecrackers,pupils tourists dressed in traditional scholars robes step with reverence into the Temple of Confucius.They are to meet with the greatest mind in Chinese history.An encounter across two millennia,the excitement of which will be a lifel
28、ong treasure to them.,Analogy,把中文资料中有关的内容转化为外国游客熟悉的同类的内容。“借用手法指借典译典，借译语表达式和形象来翻译源语有特定文化含义的表达式和形象，以求等效”（何自然等，2004）。有的学者称这种方法为cultural substitution(文化替换)。如将济公比作罗宾汉，将西施比作埃及艳后，将梁山伯与祝英台比作罗密欧与朱丽叶，将苏州比作意大利的威尼斯，将银川市比作小麦加，将孔子比作希腊的亚里斯多得。这样可以简洁而较为准确的介绍任务或景点，使译文读者在自己的文化基础上理解异国文化情调，加强文化的交流与理解。,故宫耗时14年,整个工程于1420年
29、结束。如果这份旅游资料针对北美市场发行,译 者则可处理为:The construction of the Forbidden City took 14 years,and was finished in 1420,72 years before Christopher Columbus discovered the New World.若这份资料的目标市场是欧洲,则可在“in 1420”后加上“14 years before Shakespeare was born”,Rephrasing,（1）对原文句子结构的改写 由于思维方式不同，中国人和西方人写作时的推理方法也不同。西方人是直线思维，多
30、采用演绎推理；而中国人是螺旋式思维，多采用归纳推理。在展开一个话题时，汉语往往迂回曲折，先分说，再总括，多用掉尾句；而英语则开门见山，先总括，再分说，多用松散句。翻译时有必要对原文的结构加以调整，使其与西方读者或游客的习惯相吻合,在四川西部，有一处美妙的去处。它背倚岷山主峰雪宝顶，树木苍翠，花香袭人，鸟语婉转，流水潺潺。这就是松潘县的黄龙。One of Sichuans finest scenic spots is Huanglong(Yellow Dragon),which lies in Songpan County just beneath Xuebao,the main peak of
31、 the Minshan Mountain.Its lush green forests,filled with fragrant flowers,bubbling streams,and songbirds,are rich in historical interest as well as natural beauty.,满树金花、芳香四溢的金桂；华白如雪、香气扑鼻的银桂；红里透黄、花多味浓的紫砂桂；花色似银、季季有花的四季桂；竞相开放，争妍媲美。进入桂林公园，阵阵桂香扑鼻而来。The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion o
32、f osmanthus trees.Flowers from these trees in different colours are in full bloom which pervade the whole garden with the fragrance of their blossoms.,（2）对原文诗词的改写诗词的翻译比较困难，改写可以算作一种补救措施。水映山容，使山容益添秀媚，山清水秀，使水能更显柔情，有诗云：岸上湖中各自奇，山觞水酌两相宜。只言游舫浑如画，身在画中原不知。The hills overshadow the lake,and the lake reflects t
33、he hills.They are in perfect harmony,and more beautiful than a picture.,（3）对原文行文风格的改写（避虚就实）汉语和英语在行文风格和修辞上存在较大的差异。汉语旅游资料中有许多华丽辞藻悬、四字词组只是为了音韵的和谐和渲染气氛，并无多大实际意义，翻译时应该调整措辞，将这些虚华之词用明白晓畅的语言重新表述，使译文通达流畅，符合英文的表达习惯，增强译文的可读性，也更利于外国游客和读者的理解和接受。旅游翻译首先应该以旅游者为导向（tourist-oriented）,让他们听懂、看懂、读懂。如果遇到非常主观性的描述语言，如“重峦叠嶂”
34、、“广袤无垠”、“分外妖娆”、“美不胜收”、“争奇斗艳”、“千姿百态”等等，可以简单概括一下。这就是改写。,中华大地，江河纵横；华夏文化，源远流长轻快的龙舟如银河流星，瑰丽的彩船似海市蜃楼，两岸那金碧辉煌的彩楼连成一片水晶宫，是仙境？是梦境？仰视彩鸽割飞，低眸漂灯留霓，焰火怒放，火树银花，灯舞回旋，千姿百态，气垫船腾起一江春潮，射击手点破满天彩球，跳伞健儿绽空中花蕾，抢鸭勇士谱水上凯歌啊，城是不夜城，龙舟会是群英会。,The divine land of China has its rivers flowing across;the brilliant culture of China has
35、 its roots tracing back longThe light-some dragon-boats appear on the river as though the stars twinkle in the milky way.The richly decorated pleasure boats look like a scene of mirage.The splendent awnings in green and gold chain into a palace of crystal.Is this a fairy-land or a mere dream?Looking
36、 above,you can see the beautiful doves flying about.Looking below,you can see the sailing lamps glittering.Cracking are the firecrackers,which present you a picture of fiery trees and silver flowers.Circling are the lantern-dancers,who present you a variation of exquisite manner.Over there the motor
37、 boats are shooting to their targets;thus colorful beads whirl around.Besides the birds chirping,the potted landscapes charm,the exhibition of arts and painting,all claim a strong appeal to you.Therefore,we should say:XX is a city of no night;its Dragon-Boat Festival a gathering of heroes.,北京作为世界旅游名
38、城，有着极为丰富的旅游资源：雄伟壮丽的天安门；金碧辉煌、气象万千的故宫；气势宏伟的万里长城；湖光山色、曲栏回廊的颐和园；建筑精巧、独具艺术风格的天坛；烟波浩渺、黛色风光的北海公园，以及建筑宏大的明代帝王陵寝十三陵这些举世无双、驰名中外的古代建筑，历来是旅游者的竞游之地。Beijing,being one of the worlds great cities,is full of tourist attractions.Among these are the magnificent Tiananmen Gate,the majestic Palace Museum,the imposing Gr
39、eat Wall,the scenic Summer Palace,the ingenious Temple of Heaven,the enchanting Beihai Park and the carefully laidout Ming Tombs.Unrivaled and of world renown,these ancient structures remain attractions to both domestic and foreign travelers.,她（黄河）奔腾不息，勇往直前，忽而惊涛裂岸，势不可挡，使群山动容；忽而安如处子，风平浪静，波光潋滟，气象万千。It
40、 tears and boils along turbulently through the mountains and at some places,flows on quietly with a sedate appearance and glistening ripples.,这儿的峡谷又是另一番景象：谷中急水奔流，穿峡而过，两岸树木葱茏，鲜花繁茂，碧草萋萋，活脱脱一幅生机盎然的天然风景画。各种奇峰异岭，令人感受各异，遐想万千。It is another gorge through which a rapid stream flows.Trees,flowers and grass,a
41、picture of natural vitality,thrive on both banks.The weird peaks arouse disparate thoughts.,饮食文化是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。源于历史的发展和地域的差别，我国形成了北有鲁菜，南有闽菜、粤菜，中西部有湘菜、川菜，东有徽菜、江浙菜等众多菜系及佳菜名肴，真可谓流派纷呈、丰富多彩。中国的菜肴命名方式特点显著。有的赋予浪漫色彩，如“过桥米线”表达了妻子对丈夫的深切思念；有的用写实手法，如“冬菇菜心”见名即见菜；有的取自历史典故，如“鸿门宴”蟹黄和燕窝象征楚汉之争；也有取自民间传说，如“大救驾”说的是宋朝开国皇
42、帝赵匡胤当年攻占寿县后，由于过度操劳，身心疲惫，食欲不振，厨师用猪油面粉果仁等做成饼，赵匡胤用后食欲大增，身体恢复，便赐此名。,Translation of cuisine,1.中菜与主食英译的基本特点,在中菜与主食的英译中译者既要遵循翻译的原则，又要因地制宜，适时变通。如在宴会上或餐桌上口译时，译员就无法去咬文嚼字、反复推敲，只要“准确”、“忠实”与原文的英译。当然，还要兼顾“变通”与“迅速”。笔译时，除了上述几点之外，还要注意“简洁”的要求。这是因为菜谱的印制、设计及装帧都是十分考究的，一般没有太多的空间位置去容纳冗长累赘的英译文。简言之，无论是口译还是笔译，都要“直入主题”，开门见山地点
43、明菜肴的原料和烹调方法。口译时如时间允许，特别是在外国客人点菜时可抓住时机适当补充一些有关菜肴的营养价值、民俗风情的背景知识，额外撒点“文化佐料”提起外国客人的食欲，达到活跃气氛和传播中国饮食文化的目的。,2.中菜与主食英译的若干方式,在明确了中菜与主食英译的基本特点之后，具体英译时应该如何下手呢？首先应当让外国读者或客人了解中国的饮食文化，包括某道菜的原料及烹调的方法，如果能介绍有关菜肴的营养价值、民俗风情或历史传说、民间故事等知识，可以让他们既品尝了美味佳肴，又了解了我们的饮食文化。归纳起来有以下几种方式供参考。,1)直译法烹调法+原料 烹调法是指中国菜的做法，即煮、煎、炸、煸、炒、蒸等。
44、英译时把对应的制作方法译出来，再以该菜的主要原料为中心词就可以了。比如：煮花生仁 boiled peanuts/groundnut kernels 炒肉丝 stir-fried pork slices 炖牛肉 stewed beef 清蒸桂鱼 steamed mandarin fish 煎鸡蛋 fried eggs 红烧鱼 braised fish with brown sauce 回锅肉 twice-cooked pork/double cooked pork,2.直译+释义法 顾名思义，英译时直接按中文菜名译出其意，然后再补充说明其实际所指的含义。狮子头 lions head pork m
45、eat balls 全家福 happy family a combination of shrimps,pork,beef,chicken,lobster and mixed vegetables with brown sauce.龙凤配 dragon&phoenix two separate dishes characterize this distinctive plate.On one side,lobster meat in Sichuan chili sauce,which is inviting.On the other is house special chicken,which
46、 never fails in delighting.,叫花鸡 beggars chicken Theres a legendary story connected to it.Long long ago there was a beggar.One day he stole a chicken and was pursued by the owner.He was almost caught when he suddenly hit upon a good idea.He smeared the chicken all over with clay,which he found nearby
47、 and threw it into the fire he had built to cook it.After a long while the beggar removed the mud-coated from the fire.When he cracked open the clay he found,to his astonishment,that the clay together with the feather had formed a hard shell in which the chicken had been baked into a delicious dish
48、with wonderful flavor.That night he had a very enjoyable meal.Hence the name of the dish.,3.意译法 原料+with+佐料 用原料为中心词，有时稍带把烹调法也译出，再加上用介词with或in与佐料构成的短语即可。鱼香肉丝 shredded pork with garlic sauce 豆豉桂鱼 mandarin fish in black bean sauce 黄焖龙虾 braised prawns in rice wine 海米白菜 Chinese cabbage with dried shrimps
49、椒盐排骨 spare ribs with pepper and salt,佐料+原料 此法是把佐料用作修饰语，放在中心词原料的前面，用英文译出。咖喱鸡 curry chicken 咖喱牛肉 curry beef 麻辣豆腐 spicy bean curd 怪味鸡 multi-flavored chicken 咕老肉/糖醋肉 sweet&sour pork,以实对虚法 从严格的意义上说，该法也是意译法的一种，其方法是舍去中菜名里的喻义、夸张等说法而用平直、明白的英语译出。白玉虾球 crystal white shrimp balls 红烧狮子头 braised meat balls with br
50、own sauce 发财好市 black moss cooked with oysters 龙虎凤大烩 thick soup of snake,cat and chicken,4）移花接木法,用西方人熟悉并了解的欧洲菜名或主食名来译部分中菜名与少数主食，因为他们之间有许多相似处故借彼之法为我所用。译文地道、通俗易懂，能收到事半功倍的效果。示例如下：烤排骨 barbecued spare ribs 鸡肉串 teriyaki chicken stick 盖浇面 Chinese-style spaghetti 饺子 Chinese-style ravioli 锅贴 pot stickers,这里的t
