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1、Specialized English for Automation,自动化专业英语,Lecture 1 Introduction,引言,专业英语,（English for Special Science and Technology）,1.专业英语与普通英语,(1).专业英语在词义上具有不同于基础英语的特点和含义。,1.1 什么是专业英语,plant,bus,error,law,performance,horsepower microchip,semiconductor,Fig.1 Closed-Loop Control system block diagram,例1：If a mouse
2、is installed in a computer,then the available memory space for user will reduce.错误译法：如果让老鼠在计算机里面筑窝，那么使用者的记忆空间就会减少。专业译法：如果计算机安装了鼠标，则用户可利用内存空间就会减少。例2：Connect the black pigtail with the dog-house.错误译法：把黑色的猪尾巴系在狗窝上。专业译法：将黑色的引出线接在高频高压电源屏罩上。,1.1 什么是专业英语,1.专业英语与普通英语,(2)外文科技文章在结构上也具有很多自身的特点，如长句多，被动语态(passiv
3、e voice)多，大量的名词化结构（more nominalizations）等。例：The heating system and the water heater（热水器）in a house are system in which only the sign of the difference between desired and actual temperatures is used for control.,1.1 什么是专业英语,The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to nigh
4、t.,1.专业英语与普通英语,地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。,名词化结构,(3)对专业英语主要的要求在于“读”和“译”，在读和译的基础上，对听、说、写进行必要的训练。,1.专业英语与普通英语,1.1 什么是专业英语,：结合各自专业的科技英语。,2.专业英语,Work must be done in setting a body in motion.Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which
5、 the vapor pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere.,使一个物体运动时，必须做功(词义引申)。,沸点的定义就是气压等于大气压时的温度。(v n),The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical through a generator,发电机可以把机械能再转换成电能,Trying:,The transfer function of a(sub)system is the ratio of the Laplace transform of its output and in
6、put,assuming zero initial conditionThe motivations for use of feedback were list:Reducing the effect of parameter variationsReducing the effect of disturbance inputsImproving transient responseReducing steady-state errorsThe first two are the prime reasons why feedback is needed.,1.2 学习专业英语的重要性和目的,(
7、1)科研信息获取,(2)研究成果展示,(3)国际交流合作,专业英语阅读能力,专业英语写作能力,专业英语表达、听说、应变能力,重要性：,目的：,（1）掌握自动化专业的英语词汇量及术语;（2）了解科技文献的表达特点;（3）提高阅读和理解专业英语文献的能力；（4）掌握专业英语的翻译技巧；,1.3 课程的学习内容,基础知识 文体特点，语法特点 词汇特点，常用符号公式表达 阅读翻译 扩大专业词汇量、翻译专业词汇、词性的转换、形容词和名词的翻译等 被动语态和长句的翻译等论文写作：Resume/Abstract学习科技文献的写作格式及写作技巧,Grading System,Final examination
8、 50%Assignment and Quize 50%Warnings:Copying assignment is prohibited.Delay of submission influences on marks,Review some words,控制对象 误差 控制器 传递函数 干扰 发电机 传感器 性能 热水器 加热系统 半导体 芯片 电压 电流 正（负）电荷 双极性 微分（差分）方程 比例 表达式 内存 电子（电气）技术 外力,Lecture 2 Features of Specialized English,专业英语的特点,2.1 Grammar Features,客观性（Ob
9、jective）、准确性（accuracy）和精练性(conciseness)。,(1)广泛使用被动语态,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,(3)省略句使用频繁,(4)It句型和祈使句使用频繁,(5)复杂长句使用频繁,(6)后置形容词短语作定语多,语法特点,(1)广泛使用被动语态,2.1 Grammar Features,(客观性),We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.We call such a device a capacitor,or a condenser,an
10、d its ability to store electrical energy is capacitance.It is measured in farads.Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.Such a device is called capacitor or condenser.Its ability to store electrical energy is capacitance.It is measured in farads,试观察并比较下
11、列两段短文的主语,电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。,主体多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断；,中心是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。,1)Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.,电可以用数量和质量来度量。,2)Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plant
12、s.,电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的,3)The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.,这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。,Review some terms,电阻（元件/抗）电感(器/抗)电容(器/抗)有源元件 无源元件 A 和 B 的代数关系 函数实数 复数=实部+虚部 幅值 相位 磁场 电压源 电流源图形 方框图 表格 受控源 仪表 智能仪表 国际单位电压降 终端(端点)（欧姆）定理性质(属性)绝缘的,2.1 Grammar Fe
13、atures,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。,动名词,用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句,The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.,The signal should be filtered before being amplified.,放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波,(精炼),2.1 Grammar Features,3)We must do various experiments before a new electronic
14、product is designed.,Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments.,在设计一个新的电子产品之前，我们必须做各种实验,2)An object becomes hot.It is placed in the sun.,Once being placed in the sun,an object becomes hot.,物体放置在太阳下会变热。,用动名词短语做主语,4)Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flo
15、w of the current.,改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法,5)Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object.,传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,(精炼),2.1 Grammar Features,分词,过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态 现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态,The power supply,which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1,is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,The
16、power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。,2.1 Grammar Features,2)The transistor,which is working with correctly polarities,can work as an amplifier.,The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.,工作于正确电源极性下
17、的晶体管，作用就像放大器。,分词,练习,A three-phase circuit,as it was pointed out above,is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.,A three-phase circuit,as pointed out above,is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.,正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。,2.1 Grammar Features,不定式,用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或
18、语句,(1)The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.,The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.,单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。,(2)What does a fuse do?It protec
19、ts a circuit.,The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.,保险的作用就是保护电路。,不定式,用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句,2.1 Grammar Features,2.1 Grammar Features,(3)省略句使用频繁,省略成分：状语从句中的主语、全部或部分谓语；定语从句中的关系代词which和that、从句中的助词等；还常用介词短语替代从句。,1)If it is possible,the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.
20、,If possible,the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.,可能的话，这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。,(精炼),2)As illustrated in Fig.1,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,As in Fig.1,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,就像图1所示的那样，这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。,Question：what is the func
21、tion of feedback?,3)The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system which has two circuits in it.,The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system with two circuits in it.,这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。,Reviews保险丝 反馈控制 继电器 频(时)域Key Words and Terms(Unit 2 and 3，4，5)
22、节点 回路 电流表 顺(逆)时针 周长 行列式 汇合点(参考)地 芯片 集成电路 硬(软)件 可编程逻辑电路 微处理器 晶体管 基极 发射极 集电极 二极管 振荡器开关 运算（差分）放大器 电压放大倍数 字符串 二进制的 存储器 寄存器电位计 AD/DA转换器 分辨率 步长 刻度采样 编码器 译码器 定时器 计数器,2.1 Grammar Features,As already discussed 前已讨论As explained before 前已解释As described above 如上所示As previously mentioned 前已提到If possible(necessar
23、y)如果可能（必要）,其他常用的省略形式：,If so 倘若如此When needed(necessary,feasible)必要时Where feasible 在实际可行的场合Where possible 在可能的情况下,2.1 Grammar Features,(4)It句型和祈使句使用频繁,It句型：it 充当形式主语，避免句子“头重脚轻”,It is very important(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)to,It takes very much time learning,It is clear(possible,necessary
24、,natural,inevitable)that,It happened that,It must be admitted that,祈使句:无主语，精炼。,Let A be equal to B.设A等于B。,Consider(Assume)feedback control.假如。,（准确、精炼）,2.1 Grammar Features,(5)复杂长句使用频繁,1)It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal,that their mot
25、ion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.,前面已经提到：金属中电子能自由地通过金属，电子的移动在金属中形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。,（准确、精炼）,为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句,2.1 Grammar Features,2)The reluctance motor operates synchronously at a speed which is determined by the su
26、pply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound.,磁阻电动机以某一速率同步动转，该速率是由电源频率和定子绕制的级数决定的。,3）In rotating machines,voltages are generated in windings or groups of coils by rotating these windings mechanically through a magnetic field,by mechanically rotating a magnetic field past the
27、winding,or by designing the magnetic circuit so that the reluctance varies with rotation of the rotor(Unit 7),在旋转电机中，线圈或绕组的电压产生有多种方式：绕组在磁场中的机械旋转，或者使穿过线圈的磁场机械旋转或者将磁路设计成磁阻随转子的旋转而变化,4）For example,analysis of a DC machine shows that associated with both the rotor and the stator are magnetic flux distrib
28、utions which are fixed in space and that the torque-producing characteristic of the DC machine stems from the tendency of these flux distribution to align.（unit7）,例如，直流电机分析表明磁通分部将转子和定子联系起来，而磁通分布在空间上是固定的并且这些磁通分布的情况决定了直流电机产生的转矩特性。,5）Similarly,the effect of the commuter is such that when direct current
29、 flows through the brushes,the armature creates a magnetic flux distribution which is also fixed in space and whose axis,determined by the design of the machine and the position of the brushes,is typically perpendicular to the axis of the field flux.（unit7）,类似地，换向器的作用是直流电流流经电刷时，电枢会产生一个在空间固定的磁通分布，并且通
30、过设计电机和电刷位置使得这一磁通分布的轴线和场磁通的轴线互相垂直。,2.1 Grammar Features,(6)后置形容词短语作定语多,代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。,1)All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics,which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.,All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving thr
31、ough water.,2)The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs,The instruments present include some digital ones relative to DSPs,所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。,到场的仪器中还有一些与DSP有关的数字仪器,（精炼）,2.2 Rhetoric Features,注重科学技术方面的观察、试验和客观规律、事物特征,涉及的内容(如概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等)大多没有特定的时间关系和时效性,(1)广泛使用一般现在时,(2)较多地使用图、表和公式,常使用数据、图、表和公式等非语言因素来表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等。,(3)逻辑语法使用多,修辞特点,进行条件论述、理论分析和公式推导时，多使用逻辑语法，即表示条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑顺序等词汇,although,because,however(but),if,once,only,suppose,as a result,because of,due to,so,therefore,thus,without等。,
