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1、Instructions on Thesis Writing for Bachelor Degree,本科生论文写作规范,1.题目的命名2.目录的格式3.摘要的格式4.正文的格式5.参考文献的格式6.邮件联系导师的格式,应根据自己的所学专业来确定避免选择过偏、过窄、过于生僻选题范围：英美文学评论、中西文学文化比较、英语教学法、英语语言学及应用语言学、英语国家文化、跨文化交际、翻译理论与实践,1.题目的命名,论文题目应具体、明确、突出论文重点，避免大而空泛的题目，避免使用整句或者问句。,Topic as thought provoking:your topic should make the a
2、udience think and should be what they can not readily answer.Topic as interesting:you do not need to provide information that audience already knows.Think of a meaningful topic.,Topic as focused,“Love in Romeo and Juliet”broad;“Juliets mature love versus Romeos Adolescent love”would be better.“Julie
3、t as Character”too broad;“Juliets change from Child to Young Woman”better.“Male characters in Hemingways works”broad;“male characters in Hemingways novels”better;“male characters in Hemingways A Farewell to Arms”even better.“On Emily Dickinsons Poems”-broad;“on Emily Dickinsons Death Poems”better.,如
4、何确定最终选题？,1）选题应该有意义，有新意，观点正确、明确；2）选题应在个人能力可及范围之内；3）确定选题之前，对该选题所涉及的资料有充分的了解；4）通过对该选题论证和分析，能得出较客观公正的结论。,选题实例分析,如果选题过于宽泛，很难写出有深度的论文，因此需要将选题逐步缩小，然后确定出最终选题。General:The Iceberg Theory of HemingwayRestricted:The Iceberg Theory in Hemingways Short StoriesMore restricted:The Iceberg Theory in Hemingways The O
5、ld Man and The Sea,选题实例分析,1:On Problems in Cross-culture Communication and Learning Strategies.分析:该选题的可取之处在于：（1）切入点较具体：跨文化交际过程中可能出现的各类问题；（2）属分析性文章，从而确定文章主体结构：发现问题，讨论问题，提出可能的解决策略方案。,2.The Art of Contrast in Shellys Poem“Ode to the West Wind”分析：该选题的可取之处在于：英文作品分析，与英语语言专业联系紧密，能较好地展示作者的英语水平；（2）从一个角度（art
6、of contrast）分析作品，避免面面俱到，这样可以作较深入的探讨。,3.The Nature of Humor Embodied in Sense and Sensibility分析：该选题的可取之处在于：英文作品分析，与英语语言专业联系紧密，能较好地展示作者的英语水平；（2）从一个角度（the nature of humor）分析作品，避免面面俱到，这样可以作较深入的分析探讨。,4.Culture Comparison of Animal Words between Chinese Idioms and English Idioms分析：该选题的可取之处在于：（1）语言文化的比较研究，
7、在写作的同时可以学习和总结语言知识，充分体现论文写作是英语学习过程中的一环的教学思想；（2）选题具体，成语（习语）中动物词汇的文化内容；（3）比较研究有较成熟的行文思路（或说研究方法），文章结构好把握。,5.Language Must be Taught in Culture分析：该选题存在的问题是：（1）选题过于宽泛；（2）可修改为The Importance of Culture Teaching to English Learners,6.Parallelism and Contrast of Shakespeares Dramatic Language对本科生来说，过于大的题目无法把握
8、，应该具体到文本。如：Parallelism and Contrast of Shakespeares Dramatic Language In Romeo and Juliet,以往较好的论文题目范例（文学方向）,“The Survival of the Fittest”embodied in The Call of the Wild 适者生存原则在野性的呼唤中的体现Analysis On Herzogs Salvation from Modern Spiritual Crisis in Saul Bellows Herzog 分析赫索格如何走出现代人精神危机,The Employment
9、of Images in The Open Boat 浅析海上扁舟意象的运用Analysis of Hemingways Iceberg Theory in Hills Like White Elephants 从白象似的群山解读海明威的冰山理论Martin Eden:A Victim of the American Dream 马丁伊登：美国梦的牺牲者,注：英文中的作品名称用斜体，不能用书名号，题目中的单词首字母大写,On the Way to Liberty：Analysis of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 在追求自由的道路上-读哈克贝利芬历险记
10、有感 The Feminist Reading of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne 解读纳撒尼尔霍桑作品红字的女权主义,The Realistic Features of Animal Farm 动物农场的现实主义特征Anti-Christianity Theme in Wallace Stevens Sunday Morning 解读华莱士史蒂文斯星期天的早晨的反基督主题,好的论文的三个要素,It persuades an audience of the validity of its ideas.It uses evidence(fac
11、ts,reasoning and when necessary,testimony)to explain and support its ideas.It has a thesis,an overall claim supported by specific sub-claims.,文献资料,Primary sources:are the works of literatures themselves.If your essay is about Hamlet,then Hamlet is your primary source.If your are writing about all of
12、 Shakespeares sonnets,then all of his sonnets are your primary sources.Primary sources are crucial for essays about literature.Your most important facts,the ones that support your claims,will come from primary sources.,Secondary sources,if you want to include facts from outside the work or commentar
13、y from people outside the work,you need to use secondary sources.Facts from second sources include such things as information about the authors life,the period in which the author lived,the authors philosophy,literary history,other authors,the original audience,the works influence and similarities t
14、o other works.,Secondary sources are valuable for what they teach us about the work.They give information that helps us form our own opinions.E.g.when we study Hawthorns fiction,our perception of his themes sharpens when we learn that he was ashamed of his Puritan ancestors.When we learn that Jane A
15、usten used an actual calendar to plot the events of Pride and Prejudice,we appreciate the care with which she crafted her fiction.,Reliable secondary sources,accurate histories,biographies,autobiographies,memoirs and interviews.When you include facts from secondary sources,cite them and indicate you
16、r sources for them.,How to organize your essay,The organization of any essay depends in part on the line of reasoning you develop,and this will vary from topic to topic.But the general structure of an argumentative essay is fairly standard and almost always contains the following units:,The title,It
17、 should tell enough the topic of the essay to capture the interest of readers and let them know the focus of the essay.It helps to include the authors name and the title of the work you are discussing.E.g.The Rain image in Hemingways A Farewell to Arms.”,Introduction,It should state the topic of the
18、 essay and should be interesting enough to make the reader want to keep on reading.The introduction should be relatively short in a thesis for bachelor degree.,Body,it is the place where you develop your line of reasoning.It consists of a series of paragraphs that contain claims(usually one claim pe
19、r paragraph)along with supporting evidence.,Conclusion,it signals that the essay has come to an end.It should remind the reader of the problem posed at the beginning of the essay and briefly summarize the solutions.It should state or restate the thesis.The conclusion should be brief.,Comparative stu
20、dy,Of two works by one writerOf different styles of two writersOf two characters in one novelOf the ambiguity in the writers religious attitude in a certain novel?.,The writing process,The writing process consists of four main sets of activities:Inventing:it includes studying the subject.The subject
21、 of essays about literature is the work of literature;identifying your audience(its needs and interests);recognizing any limitations placed on your essay(length,time,and other specifics of an assignment);generating topics.,Drafting,it includes determining a thesis and supporting claims;gathering fac
22、ts from the work and if helpful,from secondary sources to support claims;creating a plan of organization for a first draft;writing the first draft.,Revising,it includes reading your draft critically.If possible,getting others to read and comment on it;rethinking the topic,plan of organization and li
23、ne of reasoning;gathering more support for claims;writing further drafts.,Editing,it includes producing a final draft in the format expected by your audience.,Other details,Tense:Describe fictional events,whether in drama,poetry,or novels,in the present tense.When you really want to emphasize an ear
24、lier action,use the past tense.Authors name:when you mention an author the first time,use the full name(Charles Dickens).For subsequent references,use the last name(Dickens).Spacing:double space everything.Margins:leave one-inch margins at the top,bottom and sides.This gives the page a“frame”and a p
25、lace for corrections and comments.,较好的论文题目范例（语言学方向）,Factors Affecting Rural Students English Listening Comprehension and Counter Measures影响农村学生听力能力的因素以及对策The Stylistic Language of Advertising Language广告英语的文体风格(应具体）A Study of Coherence in Journalistic Discourse in English 新闻英语语篇的连贯研究,The Effect of Wo
26、rd Recognition on Listening Comprehension词汇认知对听力理解的影响(应具体）On the Features of Female Language in English and Chinese论英汉语中的女性用语特点(应具体）,On Language Transfer on Grammatical Level in SLA 论二语习得中语体层面的语言迁移An Analysis of the Pragmatic Function of the English Progressive Aspect 英语动词进行体的语用分析,较好的论文题目范例（翻译方向）,Tr
27、anslation Practice under the Influence of Gender Difference翻译实践中的性别差异The naming Characteristics and Translating Strategies of Trademark 中外商标的命名特点及翻译策略,Brief Studies on Translation of the Names of Places of Interests 浅析景点名的翻译The Importance of Formal Equivalence in Translation of Ancient Chinese Poetr
28、y中国古诗翻译中结构对等的重要性(应具体）On the Practical Techniques in English Idiom Translation英语习语的翻译技巧(应具体）,较好的论文题目范例（教学法方向）,On the Main Factors affecting the English Listening影响英语听力教学的主要因素（可改进）The Influence of Oral Anxiety in Foreign Language Learning on College Students Oral Capacity外语学习中口语焦虑对学生口语能力的影响,Simulative
29、 Factors about Junior Middle School Students Learning Motives初中生学习动机的激励因素Analysis of Communicative Tasks in Classroom 课题交际任务分析（可改进）,较好的论文题目范例（社会文化方向）,Confucius Doctrine and Its Effect in Building Harmonious Society儒家思想与和谐社会（太大）The Study of Color Word Connotation in Both Chinese and English-with a Ca
30、se of Red“颜色词汇在英汉两种语言中的不同内涵：以红色为例The Influence of Protestant on American in Spirit 新教对美国精神的影响（太大）,如何改进？,Cultural Differences from the Perception of Films从电影角度看文化差异On the Change of Chinese-American Womens Social Status华裔美国妇女社会地位的变化the Comparison of Differences between Chinese and American Culture in
31、Business Etiquette商务礼仪中的中美文化差异比较,字号要求,为最大程度简化大家的排版难度，并与APA格式统一，论文全文所有的文字采用Times New Roman，12pt（即小四）字号，所有中文采用同样字号，宋体。包括论文封面的所有文字、所有标题。惟一的字号变化，是当使用大段引用时，应采用全段左缩进二个单位（使用Word的缩进按钮），文字缩小1.5pt，即用10.5（五号）。但对于篇幅在3000单词左右的本科论文来说，成段引用基本上不可取，应尽量避免。,论文封皮.doc,超级链接,目录格式.doc,建议列到二级标题去掉引言与结论，应至少包括三部分。即论文至少要12345部分。
32、,摘要、关键词格式.doc,摘要能够突出论文重点，避免出现主观表达，如I think,in my opinion等，可以用This paper intends to,the conclusion is drawn that 等客观性句式。摘要是对整篇论文的提炼，要简短而能概括全文。汉语的摘要与英文摘要对应。关键词在三到五个，能够串联论文的主要思路。词与词之间用两个空格隔开，不要用标点符号。,正文格式.doc,超级链接,参考文献（References）的格式,网络资源：Library of Congress.(1997).Library of Congress Pinyin Conversion
33、 Project，Retrieved March，24，2004,from http:/Spratly Islands.(n.d.).Wikipedia Retrieved Nov.23,2006,from http:/-islands,英文作者：按姓氏首字母顺序排列，姓在前，名在后。中间用逗号分开，名后面要有句点。,Newark,P.(1988).A Textbook of Translation:Prentice Hall International Ltd.Vernon,Grenville.(1935).“The Play;the Pulitzer Award.”Commonweal(X
34、XII):23-30.,汉语的作者：仍按姓氏的首字母顺序排列,范丽青,&陈键兴.(2003).台北地铁标识英译名年底前全部改为汉语拼音,葛校琴,&季正明.(2006).地名英译何去何从？.上海翻译(3),57-59.连淑能.(2006).英译汉教程(Vol.1).北京:高等教育出版社.廖七一.(2005).文本类型与地名译写.上海翻译(2),13-16.,林克难.(1999).何必一“路”到底街道名称翻译小议.上海科技翻译(4),59.欧阳基.(1984).当代剧作家玛莎诺曼和她的剧本，美国文学研究(2)，129-135.,标点、空格与时态等细节问题,注意英文标点符号与汉语标点符号的区别，比如
35、：书名号，句号，破折号，引号等。英文中标点符号紧接单词，标点符号后要有空格。论文写作中，除了原文引用之外，尽可能地使用现在时态。,关于论文篇幅,学校要求所有专业的论文是5000字（应是汉字字数），而Word计算英文是以词（Words）为单位，一般翻译时的英汉字（词）数比例是1:2，因此英语专业论文不少于 3000字应当足够。建议论文至少分5部分，包括Introduction和最后的 Conclusion，都要编号。关于填表等其他文档，注意绝对不要整段使用粗体字。,与导师联系的细节问题,通过email发送论文相关文档的时候，Subject/主题栏中，一定写上姓名论文字样，这样便于查找邮件。另外，附件中发给老师论文文件（包括开题报告等相关文件）的命名，一律遵循这样的规则：比如论文第一稿：学号-姓名-论文01 开题报告，则应是：学号-姓名-开题报告01 接到教师的反馈，学生修改后再返回给教师，就是第二稿了，就应：学号-姓名-02,而教师在每次改稿后，都在文件名末尾加edit以标明再发还给大家。注意：是邮件中附件所附加的文件，需要采用这种命名规则。一律不能单纯以“论文”命名文档并作为附件发给老师。这样老师收到10多个学生的论文无法分辨、保存。其他文件，如大纲，开题报告，均在前面加上学号-姓名-两项，分别以 连字符隔开。,
