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1、Chapter 15,Language and the Brain,Neurolinguistics,The study of the relationship between language and the brainThe case of Phineas Gage:a huge metal rod had gone through the front part of Mr.Gages brain,his language abilities were unaffected,Parts of the Brain,Two nearly symmetrical halves,the right
2、 and left hemispheresCorpus callosum:a bundle of nerve fibers,connecting the two hemispherescortex:supports higher brain functions,including language;thin,folded sheet on surface of brain Brocas area:responsible for speech production(close to motor areas),Parts of the Brain,Wernickes Area:responsibl
3、e for speech comprehension(close to auditory areas)The motor cortex:controls the movement of the muscles for articulationThe arcuate fasciculus:a bundle of nerve fibers connecting Brocas area and Wernickes Area,The localization view,Specific aspects of language ability can be accorded specific locat
4、ions in the brainOther views-pathway metaphor-Freuds steam engine metaphor-Aristotle cold sponge metaphor,Tongue tips and slips,Tip-of the tongue:you know the word,but it just wont come to the surfaceSlip-of-the tongue:results in tangled expressionsSlip-of-the ear:errors in hearing,Aphasia,An impair
5、ment of language function due to localized cerebral damage which leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing linguistic formsBrocas AphasiaIdentified 1861 by Paul Broca,a Parisian neurologist Also called motor aphasiaCharacterized by a substantially reduced amount of speech,distorted artic
6、ulation and slow,often effortful speech,Aphasia,-Wernickes aphasia-Identified 1873 by Carl Wernicke,eminent German neurologist-Results in difficulties in auditory comprehension-also called sensory aphasia,Aphasia,Conduction aphasia:damage to the arcuate fasciculusNo articulation problemsFluent,but m
7、ay have disrupted rhythm because of pauses and hesitationWhat is heard and understood cannot be transferred to the speech production area,Dichotic listening test,An experimental technique:the language functions must be located in the left hemisphereBasic assumption:a signal coming in the right ear w
8、ill go to the left hemisphere and a signal coming in the left ear will go to the right hemisphereright ear advantageThe right hemisphere handles non-verbal sounds and the left hemisphere handles language sounds,The Critical Period,lateralization:the apparent specialization of the left hemisphere for
9、 languageThe lateralization process begins in early childhoodDuring childhood,there is a period when human brain is most ready to receive and learn a particular language,Genies case,In 197013 year old girl,spent most of her life tied to a chair in small closed roomPhysical,sensory,social emotional d
10、eprivationAfter brought into care,she developed an ability to speak and understand a fairly large number of English wordsProvides some evidence against the notion that language cannot be acquired after the critical periodThe remarkable fact:Genie was using the right hemisphere of her brain for language functions,
