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1、Discovery of HIV&its pathogenesis,The Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine 2008,The History of HIVs discovery 1981,In New york several young gay men developed Kaposissarcoma-a rare cancer usually affected old peopleIn California five young gay men developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP)-an unusu
2、al lung infection What was happenning?,The History of HIVs discovery,A new diseaseImmune system related?Cytomegalovirus?-a virus found in more than half of the populationPoppers?-drugs heavily used in the gay community,The History of HIVs discovery,CD4-T severe immunodeficiency dead in a short time
3、GRID(Gay related immunodeficiency),1982-Luc Montagnier 1983-Francoise.Barre-sinoussi RT was detected Lymphadenopathy associated Virus(LAV),The History of HIVs discovery,1984-Apr-Robert C.Gallo,HTLV III(Human T-lymphocytic Virus)1984-May-Science,The History of HIVs discovery,The History of HIVs disco
4、very,1986-HIV(human immunodeficiency virus)was named by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses(ICTV),The History of HIVs discovery,The new disease became known as AIDSAcquired-people acquire the disease,but they dont inherit it Immune-it affects the immune system of the bodyDeficiency-th
5、e immune system stop working properlySyndrome-it involves a range of illness,not a single disease,The History of HIVs discovery,The picture of AIDS as an American gay disease began to changePeople with haemophilia showed symptoms of the new disease People who injected drugs began to develop symptoms
6、 of AIDSPeople in many European countries began to develop the symptoms of AIDSDoctors in Uganda noticed a new wasting disease locally known as“slim”Heterosexual women were found to have AIDS,The 1980s,Discovery of HIV in China,June 1985,the first case(American Argentina)was found in China,Aug 1989,
7、146 HIV(+)were found in Yunnan,1984-1985,four cases of AIDS resulted from ARMOUR VIII donation,Origins of HIV?,HIV-1(chimpanzee)Group M-global(subtypes A-K)Group N-very rare Group O-rareHIV-2(sooty mangabey)Group A-epidemic in West Africa Group B-epidemic in West Africa Groups C-H-unique cases,Env p
8、rotein divergence:HIV-1 v.HIV-2:60%HIV-1 M v.O:50%HIV-1 M subtypes:30%,Pathogenesis of HIV,Toll of HIV&AIDS epidemic,First case of AIDS was reported from USA in 1981Nearly 60 million people have been infectedMore than 25 million people have died of AIDS,Pathogenesis of HIV,Pathogenesis of HIV,Pathog
9、enesis of HIV,Pathogenesis of HIV,HIV attack T cell,Pathogenesis of HIV,The picture of HIV infected patients,The picture of HIV infected patients,The picture of HIV infected patients,The picture of HIV infected patients,HIV Virion,Viral life cycle of HIV,HIV-1 and HIV-2 retrovirusesRNA genome(2 copi
10、es)reversed transcribed into DNA,HIV-1 genome,Stages of HIV Infection,Time taken to develop AIDS from beginning of HIV infection,5 years-20%8 years-50%15 years-60%60%of HIV infected individuals will develop AIDS after a variable period after averagingabout 8 years,Some important notes for HIV reprod
11、uction,The half life of free HIV in plasma is 6 hoursThe half life of CD4 is 1.6 daysEach generation of virus takes 2.6 days140 generations per year within one individuals10 billion virions produced each day,The comparison of HIV genome&human genome,HIV:9 Human:2000025000 mutation rate=100X,HIV-clever virus,High mutation rateQuacispecies(100010000/ml)Stimulate Ab via diverse region of gp120,Laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection,Antibody detection tests(late infection):Ab to P24,RT,gp120Antigen detection tests(acute infection):P24 antigen(viral protein)proviral DNA(by PCR),
