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1、非谓语动词用法比较详析,由上表可以看出现在分词、动名词的被动形式有和过去分词在意义表达相交叉的区域，因此认真区分它们在这方面的用法对于准确理解和表达英语是很有帮助的。,如：to be done,being done,done,having been done都可表示被动，同时都可作定语，但它们在作定语时，是有明显区别的。如：,The school to be built is intended for the disabled children.The school being built is intended for the disabled children.The school bui
2、lt last year is intended for the disabled children.The school,having been built for two years，is intended for the disabled children.,二、不定式和动名词作主语的区别,1、动名词多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念或一个已经完成了的动作，强调的是事情本身。而不定式则表示具体的第一次行为或将来的动作，强调的是动作本身，不过有时二者之间区别很小。如：,Reading English novels is really great fun.,To read English no
3、vels this evening will take most of my time.,2、动词不定式作主语时，常用形式主语结构，而动名词作主语时较少使用形式主语，只有在It is no good/no use/useless/fun 等句型中常用it作形式主语。如：,It is hard to make him change his mind.,It is fun talking with a foreign teacher.,3、不定式作主语的被动语态句子，必须用形式主语结构。如,It was decided to set up a new football club in our sc
4、hool.,4、在口语中，用动名词作主语置于句首的情况要比不定式多。,5、疑问句中，一般多用动名词的复合结构作主语，而不用不定式复合结构。如：,Does our helping mean a lot to all of you?,6、在句型“There be no主语”中，习惯上常用动名词作主语，且不带逻辑主语。如,There is no parking around here.,There is no telling what will happen.(=It is impossible to tell what will happen.),7、不定式、动名词作主语时可有自己的逻辑主语。不定
5、式的逻辑主语通常是介词for/of引导的名词或宾语代词；动名词的逻辑主语则常用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。如：,Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union.,The students knowing English well helped them in learning French.,三、不定式、分词和动名词作表语的区别,1、表示一般的概念时，不定式动名词可以互换。如：,Seeing is believing.眼见为实。To see is to believe.,8、当表语是动
6、名词时,主语要用动名词，当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。如：,What she likes is watching(to watch)children play.,2、表示具体的个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式。如：,My wish is to become a famous pianist.,3、动名词作表语和主语指的是一回事，常可与主语换位，回答what或doing what的问题。现在分词作表语，表示主语的性质和特征，回答how的问题，其主语可以是具体的人或物。如：,Their job is to finish the experiment by the end of this
7、 week.The story is very exciting.,4、现在分词作表语表示主动概念，过去分词作表语表示被动概念。如：,They were deeply moved to hear the old mans story.What he said isnt interesting at all.,5、过去分词作表语，强调状态，分词前可以加very等程度副词，后面一般不用by引起的短语，时态概念不强。而被动语态表示动作，时态、时间概念较强。如：,The shop is closed.(分词)The door was closed by the wind.(被动),6、动名词和现在分词
8、作表语与进行时态形式相同。动名词作表语说明主语的内容；现在分词作表语说明主语的性质、特征，而现在进行时态说明正在进行的动作。现在分词被动语态不作表语。如：,My job is teaching young children to climb mountains.(动名词),I was teaching the children maths when you passed by.（进行时态）,What you teach is very interesing.(分词式形容词),四、不定式、动名词作宾语的区别,这类动词用不定式作宾语往往指具体的或一次性的行为，而动词的-ing形式则指概括性、经常性
9、的动作或体验。这类动词常用的有：,like,begin,hate,start,propose,continue,prefer,love等。如：,I like reading/to read China Daily.我喜欢读中国日报。,Lets continue playing/to play the game.咱们继续玩游戏吧,3、跟不定式和动词的-ing形式皆可，但意义相差很大的动词,这类动词常用的有：,try,regret,forget,remember,cant help,mean,go on等。如：,（1）try:try to do sth.尽力做难做的事；try doing sth.
10、试着做某一件可能会出现某一结果的事。,He tried to stand up but failed.Lets try telling him about the sad news.,（2）regret:regret to do sth.对马上要做的事表示遗憾；regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔。,I really regret missing/having missed his lecture.I regret to tell you that I cannot come.,（3）cant help:cant help doing sth.禁不住；cant help
11、(to)do sth.不能帮忙干,I couldnt help shaking with so few clothes on.I cant help to clean the place up.,（4）mean:mean to do sth.想做；mean doing sth.意味着。如：,Wasting time means killing life.Revolution means liberating the productive forces.,（5）forget:forget doing/having done/to have done sth.忘了已做过的事；forget to d
12、o sth.忘记将要做的事。如：,I forgot telling him about the news.Dont forget to wake me up at 6 tomorrow morning.,（6）go on:go on doing sth.继续干未干完的事（强调动作的持续）；go on to do sth.继续干是一件事（强调事情的转接）,The old man went on doing his work after a short rest.The old man went on to play another song.,（7）remember doing/having d
13、one/to have done sth.记着做过的事；remember to do sth.记着要做事。如：,Please remember to come on time.I still remember being taken to the Science Museum for the first time.,（8）stop:stop to do sth.停下正在做的动作去做另一动作；stop doing停止做动名词所表示的动作。如：,We stopped(in order/so as)to have a rest.Dont stop trying once again.,（9）动词wa
14、nt,need,require,deserve作“需要”解时后接不定式被动式或动名词的主动式。这时动名词主动形式表示被动意义。如：,Your paper needs checking/to be checked again.,4、有些动词后可用“疑问词不定式”结构作复合宾语，意义上相当于一个宾语从句。使用这类结构时，不定式前不能再加引出的逻辑主语；不定式的动作在时间概念上必须后于前面的动词，否则就应用宾语从句。动名词无这种用法。能跟这类复合宾语的常见动词有：know,see,deicde,tell,ask,advise,consider,discover,explain,guess,hear,
15、learn,think,observe,wonder,understand等。,Hearing the sad news,she didnt know what to do.I couldnt decide whether to work another year or change my job.,5、当不定式、动名词作宾语，后面还有宾语补足语时，一般采用it作形式宾语，而把不定式或动名词放在补足语之后。如：,He thought it an honour to have been invited to dinner.I feel it my duty to help out anyone
16、in trouble.,6、动名词常作介词宾语，而不定式作but,except等少数介词的宾语，但“疑问词不定式”短语可作许多介词的宾语。如：,I am looking forward to meeting you again.,I had nothing to do but stay home for another year,waiting for a chance.,We are talking about whom to choose as head of the team.,7、当谓语动词是进行时态、主语是物而不是人或后接感觉性动词时，动词start,begin后多用不定式作宾语。如
17、：,I am starting to work on my essay next week.The rain began to pour.,五、不定式、和分词作宾语补足语的区别,1、现在分词作宾语补足语强调动作的延续性，表示动作正在进行，更具描绘性。而不定式作宾语补足语一般表示动作的全过程，表明动作已经结束，或即将发生。如：,I found a strange person walking nearby our shop all day.I dont often see him go to the cinema.,2、现在分词或不定式作宾语补足语表示它与宾语之间是主动关系，用过去分词作宾语补足
18、语一般表示它与宾语之间的被动关系、完成状态或动作由别人来完成。如：,We heard her singing next door.（主动进行）,I think the job(to be)the easiest of all.,We heard her often sing next door.主动完成）,We heard the song sung by her next door.（被动完成）,We heard the song being sung next door.(被动进行),3、在think,consider,find等动词后常用to be+adj.结构作宾语补足语，有时to b
19、e 可省略。,We all discover him(to be)kind and honest.,过去分词作宾语补足语强调动作 的结果，而动词不定式被动语态作宾语补足语强调动作的过程。但现在的倾向是：在want,wish,desire,like,expect等表示“意愿”的动词后的宾语补语如果用的是不定式被动语态，可省to be,从而使语气显得更为毅然决然。如：,I dont like such things(to be)discussed this way.,We all dont want the land(to be)built on.,5、现在分词作宾语补足语和动名词复合结构作宾语形
20、式上似乎相同，其区别是：,（1）从谓语动词上看，现在分词作宾语补足语属于“主谓宾宾补”的句式，谓语动词必须是能带复合宾语的动词，而动名词复合结构则是“主谓宾”结构，谓语动词必须是带动名词作宾语的动词。如：,We saw him going here at once.(分词作宾补)We suggested him/his going there at once.（分词作宾补）,（2）从逻辑主语上看，动名词的逻辑主语既可是所有格也可是宾语，整个结构可用名词来代替；而现在分词作宾补，尽管主语与宾语之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系，但它的逻辑主语只能是宾格，而不能用所有格，整个结构也不能用名词来代替。,六、不
21、定式、分词和动名词作定语的区别,1、不定式与分词作定语是垢区别主要表现时态上；不珲式作定语通常指动作；现在分词作定语指正进行的动作；过去分词作定语指已经完成的动作。如：,I have three letters to write this evening.Do you know the man sitting at the desk?Have you read any short stories translated by Lu Xun?,2、现在分词作定语表示它所修饰的名词的动作，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系，读时都有重音。动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途，二者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，读时
22、只重读动名词。动名词作定语只有置于被修饰词的前面，而分词作定语有时可置前，有时可置后。如：,a sleeping baby(=a baby who is sleeping)a sleeping car(=a car for sleeping=a car which is used for sleeping),3、作定语时，过去分词常表示动作发生的时间早于谓语动词，或者没有一定的时间性，只表示被动关系，有的只表示完成。如：,The flyover bridge built last year cost$12,000.(既表示被动又表示完成),All the fallen leaves have
23、been cleared away.所有落叶都清走了。(表示完成，并没有被动意味),I dont like to hear songs sung by young people.我不想听见年轻人唱这种歌。(只表示被动，没有一定的时间性),4、-ing形式作后置定语则可表示：正在进行或发生的行为（变为定语从句要用进行进态）；现在（或当时）的状态（变为定语从句时常用一般时态）。如：,The car waiting nearby(=which is waiting nearby)is a Ford.The music being played(=which is being played)on th
24、e piano sounds very familiar.,5、短暂性动词的-ing形式一般式一般不可用后置定语。如：,Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.,不能说成：Most of the people being invited to the party were famous scientists.,6、-ing分词的完成式一般不能后置定语，除非为非限制性的后置定语。如：,This is the question discussed(=which has been discussed)for tho
25、usands of years.The question,having been discussed for thousands of years,has now been solved.,不可说成：This is the question having been discussed for thousands of years.,7、beingadj.不能单独用作后置定语,不能说：Anyone being fit for this job can sign your name here.应为：Anyone(who is)fit for this job can sign your name
26、here.,8、分词作定语时，如有逗号与被修饰的名词分开，相当于一个非限制性的定语。如：,The story,written by a young girl,became popular with the young.,9、不定式作定语可以有自己的逻辑主语。如,It is spring,the time for us to plant trees.春天正是植树的好季节。,七、不定式和分词作状语时的区别,1、不定式作状语通常表示目的或结果，表示目的时前面可用in order或so as，以示强调。表示结果时常用于tooto,enough to do,only to等结构中。如：,I saved
27、every cent in order to buy a car.为了买车，我积攒着每一分钱。The temperature is high enough to change water into steam.湿度很高足以使水变为水蒸气。,2、作原因状语时，过去分词与-ing形式被动一般式可以互换。但还是单独使用过去分词的为多。如：,Written(Being written)very well,the novel sells well.这部小说写得很好，很畅销。,3、作方式或伴随状语时常用过去分词，习惯上不用-ing形式被动一般式即不用being done形式。如：,Many parents
28、 were walking about the zoo,followed by their children.很多父母正在公园里走着，后面紧跟着自己的孩子。,4、作时间状语用时，过去分词如同时表示被动和动作完成，常可换用-ing分词的被动完成式；过去分词如果只表被动，不表完成，则不可。如：,Read many times(=Having been read many times),the story seems much easier.读过多遍，这个故事似乎变得更容易了。(表示被动和完成)Seen from on the top of the hill,the park looks more
29、beautiful.从山顶上看，这个显得更加美丽。(表被动),5、与否定词not连用时多用-ing形式。如：,Not being included,I have to find another chance.我没被录用，只好再等。,6、使用分词或分词短语作句子的状语时，有一条原则必须遵守，即分词或分词短语的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致，否则句子就是不正确的或是不正规的语言。如：,【误】Found him angry,I began to tell jokes.因为found与I 在这个句子中不能构成被动，应为Finding him angry,I began to tell jokes.【误】
30、Looking around,there was no one nearby.Look around 的逻辑主语不应是no one，故本句不成立，就改为Looking around,I found there was no one nearby.,7、有些约定俗成的分词或分词短语作状语，尽管它们与句子的主语不一致（即不存在主谓关系），也被认为是正确的。这种分词短语作状语解释整个句子。如：,Generally speaking,girls are more interested in literature than boys.一般说来，女孩子比男孩更喜欢文学。Considering the weather,the sports meet will be put off.考虑到天气，运动会将会被推迟。Judging from her accent,she must come from Arabian countries.从她的口音看，她准来自阿拉伯国家。,
