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1、20.女性生殖系统Female Reproductive System,王小丽华中科技大学基础医学院组织胚胎学教研室,Vagina,Uterus,ovary,Ovary,Oviduct,Female Reproductive System,Mammary gland,External genitalia,medulla,cortex,a simple columnar,cuboidal or squamous epithelium,tunica albuginea,一、卵巢(ovary)(一)卵巢的一般结构：,被膜：上皮、白膜。皮质：基质细胞、网状纤维、各种卵泡、黄体和它们的衍生物。髓质：疏松
2、结缔组织、血管、神经等。卵巢门：疏松结缔组织、门细胞等。,(二)卵泡的发育与成熟,1.原始卵泡(primordial follicle)2.初级卵泡(primary follicle)3.次级卵泡(secondary follicle)4.成熟卵泡(mature follicle),1.原始卵泡，primordial follicle,1.A primary oocyte(in prophaseof the first meiotic division):Round or ovoid in shape,acidophilic cytoplasmThe nucleus:round or ovoi
3、d in shape,centrally or eccentrically pale-staining,prominent nucleolus2.A simple flattened follicular cells,3.Basal lamina.,Tunica albuginea,Stroma cells,Primordial follicle,2.初级卵泡，primary follicleIncreased bilirubin level,1.Increase in size of the follicle2.Appearance:zona pellucida,corona radiata
4、,follicular theca,Call-Exner body,3.A primary oocyte larger in size,increase in organelles,cortical granules.4.The follicular cells:simple cuboidal or stratified polygonal,Call-Exner body,透明带(zona pellucida),放射冠（corona radiata）,透明带中富含糖蛋白：ZP1、ZP2、ZP3（精子受体）。,皮质颗粒（cortical granule）,3.次级卵泡(secondary fol
5、licle),the follicular cavity with follicular fluid,Secondary follicle,.cumulus oophorus(卵丘),stratum granulosa(颗粒层).follicular theca（卵泡膜）:theca interna theca externa.secretes estrogen,卵丘(cumulus oophorus),zona pellucida,corona radiata,颗粒层(stratum granulosa)卵泡膜(theca folliculi),theca interna,theca ext
6、erna,4.成熟卵泡(mature follicle),Follicular cavity increase in sizeGranulosa layer:thinnerFollicular Stigma（卵泡小斑）Cumulus oophorus:floats in the follicular fluid.Primary oocyte orSecondary oocyte stops in metaphase of the second meiotic division.,卵泡分泌雌激素的功能,Granulosa cells,Theca cells,Basal membrane,Andr
7、ogen,Estrogen,Androgen,Bloodstream,Follicular antrum,Receptor,Receptor,Endoplasmic reticulum,Endoplasmic reticulum,(三)排卵(ovulation),Blood level of LH reaches to a peak Release of active substance:collagenase(胶原酶)Weakness and rupture of follicular wall Contraction of smooth muscle,月经黄体，corpus luteum
8、of menstruationSupported by LH from hypophysis Last for 2 weeksSecretes progesterone and estrogen妊娠黄体，corpus luteum of pregnancySupported by human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG,人类绒毛膜促性腺激素)from the placenta（胎盘）last for 6 monthsSecretes relaxin,progesterone and estrogen,(四)黄体(corpus luteum),corpus luteum
9、,theca lutein cells,granular lutein cells,粒黄体细胞和膜黄体细胞,白体(corpus albicans),(五)闭锁卵泡(atretic follicle),卵泡闭锁可以发生在卵泡发育的任何阶段！,原始卵泡：胎5个月时，700万个；出生时，100-200万个；青春期开始时，30-40万个。,闭锁卵泡(atretic follicles),卵母细胞核：核极度偏位、核固缩、核膜扭曲或溶解消失等透明带：扭曲、肿胀、溶解消失等卵泡细胞：脱落入卵泡腔卵泡膜细胞：体积增大，并被结缔组织 分隔成细胞团-间质腺,闭锁卵泡,闭锁卵泡,闭锁卵泡,Ovaries,间质腺,T
10、he theca cells becoming lutein-like cells,secreting estrogen,Large,polygonal,Well-developed in rodent(啮齿类),Zona pellucida,二、输卵管(oviduct),mucosa,muscularis,serosa,壶腹部,峡部,输卵管（壶腹部）,1.The lumen of the ampulla:labyrinth-like(迷宫样),2.The predilection site(好发部位)of the ectopic pregnancy(异位妊娠),plica,simple ci
11、liated columnar epithelium,ciliated cells,peg cells(secretory cells),三、子 宫(uterus),(一)子宫（底、体）壁的一般显微结构,子宫平滑肌的特点：1.受激素支配2.在生理周期中数目增多，体积增大。,子宫内膜,基底动脉,螺旋动脉,功能层,基底层,子宫腺,子宫内膜功能层,1.Simple columnar epithelium2.Uterine glands3.Coiled artery(Spiral artery),螺旋动脉和子宫腺,Stroma cell,(二)子宫内膜的周期性变化与内分泌调节1.月经周期,自青春期,子
12、宫内膜功能层在卵巢激素的作用下，发生周期性变化，即每隔28天左右发生一次剥脱出血、增生修复、分泌，称月经周期(menstrual cycle)。It is divided into 3 phases:月经期，menstrual phase（1-4 days）增生期，proliferative phase（5-14 days)分泌期，secretory phase（15-28 days）,月经期(黄体退化期),增生期(卵泡期),分泌期(黄体期),分泌期基质细胞,2.子宫内膜的周期性变化的内分泌调节,follicular phase,luteal phase,corpus luteum regre
13、ssion phase,(三)子宫颈(uterine cervix),子宫颈外口,子宫颈粘膜，子宫颈腺,子宫颈腺,四、乳腺，mammary gland,静止期乳腺,妊娠期乳腺,哺乳期乳腺,哺乳期乳腺,不孕症(barrenness)的病因,1 输卵管因素：为不孕症最常见的因素。因输卵管炎症引起管腔阻塞，使输卵管拾卵或输卵功能丧失。输卵管发育不全也可导致不孕。2 卵巢因素：引起卵巢功能紊乱导致不排卵的因素有：卵巢本身因素，如先天性卵巢发育不全、多囊卵巢综合症、卵巢功 能早衰、功能性卵巢肿瘤、卵巢子宫内膜异位症等。下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴功能紊乱引起不排卵(月经不调)，甚至闭经。全身性疾病，如重度营养不良、甲状腺功能亢进等。3 子宫因素：发育不良或先天畸形，子宫内膜炎症或结核致宫腔粘连、内膜损害或功能缺陷，子宫肌瘤尤其粘膜下子宫肌瘤。4 子宫颈因素：炎症，宫颈口狭窄，分泌反应不佳，宫颈肌瘤等。5 外阴、阴道因素：处女膜闭锁，阴道横隔，先天性无阴道，严重阴道 炎，外伤致瘢痕性狭窄。,Thinking of the following question,Find similarity and difference between the processes of spermatogenesis(精子发生)and oogenesis(卵子发生).,
