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1、Splanchnology AndThe Alimentary System,主讲：庞 磊Department of AnatomyHUBEI UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE,目的和要求,1掌握胸部标志线和腹部的分区 2.掌握消化系统的组成 3.掌握口腔、咽峡的构成、牙、舌的形态结构特征，颏舌肌的位置和作用，唾液腺的位置和开口 5掌握咽的位置、分部 6.掌握食管的分部及狭窄部位,Chapter 4 The General Description,Difinition:means the study of viscera1.alimentary system2.respirator
2、y system3.urinary system 4.genital systemAssociation:morphology location function origin,内脏的共同特点 1.位置：位于胸腔、腹腔和盆腔内 2.结构：有管道与外界相通 3.功能：物质代谢与繁衍后代 4.发生：呼吸、消化系统主要器官来源于内胚层 泌尿、生殖系统主要器官来源于外胚层,.The general structure of viscera,)The tubular organ 中空性器官 mucosa submucosa muscular coats serosa/adventitia,)The pa
3、renchymatous organ 实质性器官 hilum/porta,实质性器官的一般结构,1.表面被膜或浆膜2.被膜深入实质小叶3.血管神经功能型管道出入部位门,kidney,liver,lung,)胸部标志线 1.Anterior median line 2.Sternal line 3.Midclavicular line 4.Parasternal line 5.Anterior axillary line 6.Posterior axillary line 7.Midaxillary line 8.Scapular line 9.Posterior median line,前正中
4、线,胸骨线,锁骨中线,胸骨旁线,腋前线,腋后线,腋中线,肩胛线,后正中线,.The reference line and abdominal regions,)Abdominal regions 腹部的分区,Nine-area method：两条横线两条纵线,2.腹部的分区,Quadrants：一横线一垂直,消化系统,The Alimentary System,Chapter 5,Composition,Digestive glands消化腺,Superior digestive tube,Inferior digestive tube,Digestive tube 消化管,Digestive
5、 glands消化腺,Major salivary glands大唾液腺 Liver肝Pancreas胰,Function:ingestion,digestion,absorption,egestion,Section 1 The Oral Cavity 口腔,Consists of two parts:1.Oral vestibule 口腔前庭 between cheeks and lip and teeth 2.Oral cavity proper 固有口腔 within arch of teeth,口腔前庭,固有口腔,插管部位,BoundariesAnterior and lateral
6、:gum and teethPosterior:isthmus of faucesRoof:palate Floor:tongue,muscles and mucous membrane,口裂 口角 鼻唇沟 人中 牙龈 唇系带,.Oral lips 口唇,.Cheek 颊,Papilla of parotid duct 腮腺管乳头颊黏膜上的突起，平对上颌第二磨牙牙冠，是腮腺导管的开口,Two parts anterior 2/3,formed by the maxilla and palatine bone posterior 1/3，Velum palatinum 腭帆 Uvula 腭垂Pa
7、latoglossal arch 腭舌弓Palatopharyngeal arch 腭咽弓isthmus of fauces咽峽,.Palate 腭,Hard palate:,Soft palate:,)General featuresTwo sets:Deciduous teeth乳牙 Permanent teeth恒牙Classification:Incisors 切牙 Canine 尖牙Premolars 前磨牙Molars 磨牙,.Teeth,恒牙的名称,乳牙的名称,牙位记录法,右上区A,左下区D,右下区C,左上区B,6 5 4 3 2 1,用表示恒切牙恒磨牙 用表示乳切牙乳磨牙,牙位
8、记录法,牙冠(crown of tooth)牙颈(neck of tooth)牙根(root of tooth),(一)牙的形态,.Teeth,)Calcified tissues 牙组织,3.牙本质,4.牙 髓,2.牙骨质,)Periodontal tissue 牙周组织 牙周膜 牙槽骨 牙龈,.Tongue 舌,)MorphologyTwo parts:v-shaped terminal sulcus 界沟Body of tongue 舌体Root of tongue 舌根apex of tongue 舌尖the foramen cecum of tongue 舌盲孔,)Lingual m
9、ucous membrane Papillae of tongue 舌乳头Filiform papillae fungiform papillae foliate papillaevallate papillae Lingual tonsil 舌扁桃体 masses of submucosal lymphoid tissue on the root of tongue,contain taste buds,)Muscles of tongue舌肌Intrinsic muscles of tongue Extrinsic muscles of tongue Genioglossus颏舌肌Aris
10、es from mental spine of mandible and inserts into either side of midline of tongueAction:acting together draw tongue forward and downward;acting along making apex of tongue to opposite side,.Major salivary glands,)Parotid gland 腮腺Superficial partDeep partParotid duct:opposite the upper second molar
11、tooth,)Submandibular gland下颌下腺Position:lies in submandibular triangleDuct opens on to sublingual caruncle,position:situated beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of mouthDucts Major sublingual gland ductopens onto the sublingual caruncleMinor sublingual ductsopen onto the sublingual fold,)Subling
12、ual gland舌下腺,Section two The Pharynx 咽,.Location and General featuresA fibromuscular tube,part of digestive and respiratory systemsExtends from base of skull to the inferior border of cricoid cartilage(lower border of C6 level).Division Three segments,)Nasopharynx鼻咽 posterior to nasal cavitiesExtend
13、s from the base of skull to level of soft palateFeaturesPharyngeal opening of auditory tube咽鼓管咽口Tubal torus咽鼓管圆枕Pharyngeal recess咽隐窝Tubal tonsil咽鼓管扁桃体Pharyngeal tonsil咽扁桃体,)Oropharynx口咽 posterior to oral cavitybetween soft palate and epiglottisFeaturesMedian glossoepiglottic fold舌会厌正中襞Epiglottic val
14、lecula会厌谷Palatine tonsil腭扁桃体,Lymphatic ring咽淋巴环consists of pharyngeal tonsil,tubal tonsil,Palatine tonsil,and lingual tonsil,forming a circular band of lymphoid tissue at oropharyngeal isthmus,)Laryngopharynx 喉咽Extends from upper border of epiglottis to the level of lower border of C6Piriform recess
15、 梨状隐窝a deep depression on each side of aperture of larynx,颈部,胸部,腹部,Section 3 The Esophagus食管,.General features a muscular tube about 25cm long,connecting the pharynx at level of C6 vertebra,passes through the diaphragm at level of T11 vertebra and after 12 cm enters the stomach Division:Cervical par
16、t Thoracic part Abdominal part,1,2,3,.Three constrictions 1.At its beginning,15cm from incisors,lies at level of C6,is the narrowest part of the esophagus2.Where it is crossed by left main bronchus,25cm from incisors,lies at level of intervertebral disc between T4 and T5.3.Where it passes through the esophageal hiatus of diaphragm,40cm from incisors,at level of T10,小 结,概念：上消化道、咽峽、咽淋巴环思考题：1.牙按形态和功能可分哪几类？举例说明如何用牙式来表示恒牙和乳牙？2.咽的位置和分部如何？3.试述食管的三处生理性狭窄及临床意义？,Thank you!,
