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1、Unit Three,从语言文化对比的角度看翻译,Comparison of Sino-Western cultures,Western:Science-orientedValues：Individualism,human conquering natureMode of thinking：rationally analytic,focusing on logics and positivism;such mode is featured with dichotomy and metaphysics.i.e：language,medicine,religion,and industrial c
2、ivilization,Oriental:humanism-oriented Values：Collectivism,moral comes on top,and uniformality is advocated.Mode of thinking：focus is on integration,rationality and sense rather than on language；such mode of thinking is featured with monism.,中西思维方式的差异及其对各自语言的影响,Western：重理性和逻辑具有“是玫瑰花也给拆散”的抽象思辨能力。e.g.
3、There is no difference but difference of degree between different degrees of difference and no difference.英语语言特征：功能性。,China：重直觉和意象强调以直觉顿悟式的综合思维方式去亲近世界。枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯汉语语言特征：形象性，直观性。喜用具体比喻抽象，量词丰富。,例子,字形差异：英文：rain,mountain,river,sun,moon(抽象符号)汉字：雨，山川，河流，日月（保留原初的象物或象事特点）词语差异：英文：功能性：wig
4、,coin,paper clip 中文：形象直观，量词丰富：假发，硬币，回形针/一把椅子，一堵墙，画一手好画。,西方：分析性思维对语言的影响：词义表述：英文：1.具体.2.准确3.句式结构严谨（一般描述应对中文四字成语）,中国：整体性思维对语言的影响：词义表述：汉语：1.笼统2.模糊3.对称平衡（四字词使用频繁）,比较：业精于勤荒于嬉，行成于思毁于随.（句式简单）Mastery of work comes from diligent application,but it can be retarded by frivolities;a deed is accomplished through
5、taking thought,but it can be ruined by carelessness.（句式更严谨）她是好人。She is a good woman.（更准确）We have winked at these irregularities too long.我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了。（形象代抽象）,语言、文字和语音系统比较,一、语系英语Indo-European familyBasic Sentence Structure：SVO The Chinese national team won over its American counterpart with great
6、advantage.Low context,汉语Sino-Tibetan familyBasic Sentence Structure：SVO 只听一路靴子响，进来了一个十七八岁的少年，面目清秀，身段苗条，美服华冠，轻裘宝带。high context,二、文字系统,英语拼音文字自然代码属性 线性文字（有音、义、无形）,汉语表意文字 非自然代码属性(坠，火，山，川，日，月)二维语言，是可以看的语言,三、语音系统比较,多音节有语调（升降调）,单音节有四声（妈 麻 马 骂）,1 语音差异,b)音韵节奏,英语：重结构严谨，表意精确甚于音韵节奏,汉语：重音韵节奏双音节、四字结构可创造更好的语感。,比较,
7、Dont get on or off the bus until it comes to a standstill.A new kind of aircraft-small,cheap,pilotless is attracting attention.,车未停稳，请勿上下。“我体健康”vs 我身体健康.一种新的飞机小型，价格低，无人驾驶，引起了人们的注意。一种体积小、价格低的无人驾驶新型飞机正引起人们的关注。,例3,If North America and Europe renew their moral life,build on their culture commonality,and
8、 develop closer forms of economic and political integration to supplement their security collaboration in NATO,they could generate a third Euroamerican phase of western affluence and political influence.如果北美和欧洲重建它们的道德生活，以它们的文化共通性为基础，并发展更紧密的经济和政治一体化的形式，作为北约安全保障合作之外的补充，那么他们就能发展出有西方的富裕和政治影响力的第三阶段，即欧美阶段
9、。如果北美和欧洲能在道德生活方面得以重振，在共同的文化基础上进行发展，在政治经济领域进一步整合，以此作为在北约安全合作外的补充，那么将可衍生出经济富甲天下、政治一言九鼎的欧美第三阶段。,c)音译法（Transliteration）,1)用于翻译名字，如人名、地名、产品名，如：Wang Tao,Beijing,固特异.2)用于引进外来词：Koutow,Gongfu3)汉译英时，每个音节都译。英译汉时，可省音节，如 Denver,San Francisco，丹佛市，三番市。,d)英汉文字系统差异造成的翻译困难,以语音特征表达意义时，会造成翻译困难,甚至 造成不可译性untranslatabilit
10、y。如：What does a lawyer do after his death?回答是：Lie still.绕口令：四十四个石狮子 Full House:没看见给你买车了吗？（英文翻译如何处理）,比较,2.“张铁嘴怎么说的？”胡太太惴惴地问。“很好，不用瞎担心事了。我还有委员的福分呢！”“么事的桂圆！”“是委员！”从前行的是大人老爷，现在行委员了！你还不明白？“What did Zhang Tiezui say?”She asked timidly.“He gave me very good news.We need not look for trouble,I have the poss
11、ibility of being a member of a committee!”“What is a common tea!”asked the wife,who only vaguely caught the sound.“A Committee!Lords and esquires are out of date,and the prevailing nomination is to a committee.Dont you still understand!”,二、语言性质,英语（屈折inflectional）形合语言(hypotaxis)名词见长，法治，低语境。句子结构像Vine:
12、主干突出（S+V+O）枝叶茂盛（借助介词、连词、分词，不定式等连接手段层层搭架，形成环环相扣的分句群）。He jumped up and hastened to the mirror in the bathroom,taking away the tower to examine the cut upon his cheek.,汉语non-inflectional意合语言(parataxis)动词见长。人治，高语境。句子结构像竹子，层次分明，严密紧凑。句法关系靠词序排列和虚词来实现：学习政治，政治学习；我去北京。他去北京了。他跳起来，冲到卫生间的镜子前，拿掉毛巾，察看脸上的伤口。,形合与意合语
13、言之比较,This action,affecting first and foremost all refugees,is a long-term undertaking,which would open up to UN international assistance,a new field of intervention.你若回去时，定吃官司，又无人来相救，不如今日和我们一同上山。,首先会影响到所有难民的这一行动是个长期的任务，将为联合国实施国际援助开辟新的干预领域。If you go back,you sure will be charged and nobody could come
14、 to your rescue,youd better come and join us in the rebellion.,三、叙事方式,英语讲究开门见山，借助从句及其他句法手段加以解释说明，整个叙述逻辑严密，滴水不漏。如：The isolation of the rural area because of the distance and paucity of transport facilities was compounded by the lack of information media.,汉语往往按时间和逻辑顺序展开，借助动词，一项项地交代，使整个叙述明快简练，清晰明了。由于距离
15、城镇遥远/地处偏僻，交通工具落后，使得广大农村地区与外界隔绝。这种状况又由于缺乏信息媒介而变得更加糟糕。,例2,It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.开门见山，利用词的曲折变化实现语法关系。,我原打算元月份访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。按时间顺序展开，借助副词表示语法关系，发挥动词优势，将事件交代得十分清楚。,四、以下特别从词汇和句法两方面比较英汉语的异同。,1、词汇从词性讲：两种语言都有实词和虚词之分
16、，都有名、动、形、副、数、感叹词。英语以名词词组见长，汉语以动词见长。英语有冠词无量词，汉语有量词无冠词。（汉语量词很重要，用得好可增加文采。如说一口流利的英语，写的一笔好字。）如英译汉时，应根据上下文确定冠词在句中的作用：The earth runs round the sun.What about the book?,专有名词、术语完全相等的词较容易翻译，如：Homer,Congress,helicopter。但不相等的多。注意类别化处理。电话，电视，电灯。文化的不同使英汉两种语言反映客观事物的角度、方法有很大的差异。如：black tea,black coffee,floor exerc
17、ises,红眼病，green eyed;绿色食品，organic food,副食品，grocery;There is no love lost between the couple.It is indeed a long lane that has no turns.It is a wise father who knows his son.Our team has come off second best.英语描述亲属关系的词较汉语少，处理起来叫困难。可采用释义（paraphrase）的方法。如 his mothers big brother.,2.词的搭配,语言在使用过程中会形成一些固定的
18、词组和常用的搭配，平时应注意积累。如：Sea level,walls have ears,a wet blanket,Trojan Horse;the heel of Achilles,heavy traffic;heavy smoker,heavy news,heavy jacket.,二、句法,1 句子结构 不同语系的两种语言，表达方式也不同，翻译时常需要转换句子结构。常见的转换操作有四种：（1）E简单句C复合句He tried in vain persuading her not to smoke so heavily.他劝她少抽点烟，可她根本不听。Their power increas
19、ed with their number.人数增加了，他们的力量也壮大了。,The attitude has been described as anything from a“merciful loss of memory”to“escapist therapy.”人们对这种态度有各种议论，有的说是“好心的遗忘”，也有的说是“逃避现实的疗法”。The development of an economical artificial heart is only a few transient failures away.再失败几次，就能研制出价格低廉的人造心脏了。The two countrie
20、s-with all the talk of warmer relations-are spying on each other as avidly as the height of the cold war.虽然两国都在高唱缓和，可双方的间谍战却一点儿不亚于冷战最紧张的时期。,(2)E复合句C简单句This is where our interest lies.这正是我们的兴趣所在。When I meet my teacher,I always feel nervous.我一见老师就紧张。It was well past midnight,and 24 US planes flew high
21、 over the horizon.后半夜时分，24架美国飞机出现在地平线上空。,That he will come to the discussion is certain.他肯定会来参加讨论的。He doesnt know what life means to him.他不知道人生的意义。The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.问题在于我们能否在明晚前完成这项工作。There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricit
22、y and ability to be magnetized.某些金属可导电并磁化。,E复合句C其它句子结构This place is really beautiful,and many people bring their wives and families out here to live.这地方实在漂亮，许多人都把他们的家小搬来，准备住下了。It was a tough job,but we accomplished it.虽然任务艰巨，我们还是完成了。,(3)E倒装句 C正常句序Only when you try your best will you succeed finally.
23、只有尽了最大努力，最后才可能成功。Here comes the bus.Little did I then know the meaning of war.当时我的确还不太懂得战争的意义。Here at last seemed credible history of the difficult advance of man.人类艰苦奋斗的历史，至少在这里看来是令人信服的。,(4)E被动句 C主动句 The whole country was armed in a few days.几天后，全国就都武装起来了。By the end of the war 800 people had been s
24、aved by the organization.战争结束时，该组织共营救出八百人。(5)被动结构相互转换 Kissinger was so devastated by Rockefellers defeat that,according to one account,he wept.基辛格为洛克菲勒的失败伤心透了，有人说他哭了。But someone who has been out there in the floodlights as often as he can not remain wholly indecipherable.可像他这样一个经常抛头露面的人，很难不被人认出来。,此外还有些规律，可供翻译时参考：E 主谓句 C 无主句 层次结构 平行结构 明示连贯 暗示连贯 结论前置 结论后置,
