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1、American Naturalism现实主义与自然主义的对照： ccordingthe novelist ran orris, ealismwas the literature of the normal and the representative smaller details of everyday life, things that are likely to happen In contrast to a ealist, a aturalist believes that a character is fundamentally an animal, without free wi
2、ll. hus a character can be e plained in terms of the forces, usually heredity and&is a manner and method of composition by which the author&author portrays Iifeas it is in accordance with the philosophic theory of determinismerms relating to aturalism& ree ill or eterminismIn aturalism, characters d
3、o not have free will external and internal forces, environment, or heredity control their behavior, his belief is called determinism. Ildeterminists believein the existenceof the will, but the will is often enslaved on account of different reasons.In many ways, naturalism grew out of the foundations
4、 laid by earlier realist writers, leading some to call it an iiemphasized realism. It also grew out of the wor of renchwriter mileZola himselFinfluenced by the earlier writings of alzac and Iaubert）, who belie fend a world not governed by choice, but determined primarily by heredity and environment.
5、曰 Scientific determinism became Zola, S primary means to understand human behavior.e called this new ind of writing e roman experimental, and here the novelist functioned as more of a scientist. or the writer, direct observation too the place of creative imagination. ife furnished abundant plots and
6、 themes for the witer, s purposes.he significant period of fruition （获得成果）for merican naturalist writing is typically seen as stretching from theto the first twodecades of the th centu. ry Utdramatic changes had takenplace in the nitedStates since the ansd, many younger WriterS felt that people（分水岭）
7、 （垄断）（巨头）（自由放任的） （汇集，涌入）（退化的） 令令（强制，压制）令（欺骗，逃避）naturalist writing令 The notion of a “surface“ world (reality) seemed obsolete compared with determinants (决定因素)from “below” (economics, basic physical needs, sexual drives, natural and social environment, etc )令 nlike romanticists, life for naturalists
8、was not beneficent, but downright hostile令 By the 1890s, realism* s individual problems seemed nothing compared to crushing forces seemingly outside human control令 RealiSm S concern wi th everyday life seemed a luxury compared to events from social and economic forces自然主义的特点：n the world of naturalis
9、t fiction. haracters are motivated by sexual desire, greed, and mob psychology any are stereotypes. etails are not important in and of themselves as in realism n naturalism the symbolism is found in large world issues. ociety is divided into the have and have nots, predator and prey.ife is ugly, bru
10、tal, and short.en and women are not far removed from the animal world. ree will is an illusion. ature and fate are indifferent to humans. Words like iicourage, and “virtue” have no meaning. The world is made up of random events. Verythingand everyone is shaped by blind chance and environmental deter
11、minism自然主义的困惑： anynaturalist writers, such as rane, orris, and reiser, began their careers as newspaper reporters, observing the world that was seemingly indifferent to human fate S both ournalists and as writers of fiction, they wrote to alert everyone to the bad conditions This leads to the parado
12、x of naturalism if the writer writes to change things, how can they change a determined world代表作家:hoseeecondThe ReddgeeUIe 9u heeeheeee s t o n ehedevelopmee raryue eh heeee de e 1 a n c edheheeee uThbe Beddgeu 1891e Reddgeu d eeree yle ddhugheeeduiteye（鼓e舞 Cl） yhe ucceThe Reddge d he TgRidee ecame
13、ubsumedh dee hiredUUeheebehereheh0heyhehipwrehichhey horedinghyh hreeheehed dheyhe ee eephe18711900ee ervice1899eheee1893 The Reddgeurage 189 Thee Regime189 The 0 Ruddy1903 The hi rde189he The Ope189 Thee1899ee1900 eed1921e TheRide1891899dhe1901红色勇敢标志（先锋派）celebrity.year Oplrdivate Henry Ieming ea lo
14、st cause y escaping into the attalion.uring an unnamed attle, survives what he considers to nearby forest, deserting his He then finds a group of injuredmen in which neof the group, theHenry, embarrassedthat he does not have any wounds, wanders through the forest. He ultimately decides that running
15、was the estthing, and that he is a small part of the army responsible for saving himself. When he learns that his attalion had won the attle and that it was not a suicide mission after all, Henry feels incrediblyguilty. As a result, he returns to his attalionand is injuredwhen a cannon operater hits
16、 Henry in the head ecause he wouldn, t let go of his arm. When he returns to camp, the other soldiers elieve that he was harmed ya ullet grazinhgim in attle. The nextmorning he goes into attlefor the third time. While Iookingfor a stream to attain water from, he discovers from the commanding officer
17、 that his regiment has a lackluster reputation. The officer speaks casually about sacrificing Henry, s regimentandecausethey are nothing more thanWith no regiments to spare, the general orders his men forward, nthe final attle, Henry attalion as well as theas a man.ecomesone of the est fighters in h
18、isflag earer, finally proving his courageharacter ist Henry Ieming The novel, s army during untested inprotagonist;the Americanattle and As the novel progresses,a young soldier fighting for the nion ivil War. nitially, Henry stands uestions his own courage.he encounters hard truths about theexperien
19、ce of war, confronting the universe, s indifference to his existence and the insignificance of his own life. ften vain and holding extremely romantic notions about himself, Henry grapples with these lessons as he first runs from attle, then comes to thrive as a soldier in combat.im onklin IIenry, s
20、friend; a tall soldier hurt during the regiment, s first attle. imsoon dies from his wounds, and represents, in the early part of the novel, an important moral contrast to Henry.Wilson A loud private; Henry, s friend in the regiment. Wilson and Henrygrow close as they share the harsh experiences of
21、war and gain a reputation as the regiment, s best fighters.The tattered soldier twice shotsoldier whom Henry encounters in the column of wounded men. With his endless speculation about Henry, s supposed wound, the tattered（衣衫褴褛的）soldier functions as a nagging, painful conscience to Henry. The lieute
22、nant Henry, s commander in battle, a youthful officer who swears profusely during the fighting. The lieutenant develop sympathy for each other, often feeling that they must work together to motivate the rest of the men.Henry, s mother Encountered only in a brief flashback, Henry, s mother opposed hi
23、s enlisting in the army. Though her advice is only briefly summarized in Henry, s flashback, it contains several difficult themes with which Henry must grapple, including the insignificance of his life in the grand scheme of the world.ajor Themesourage Given the novel, s title, it is no surprise tha
24、t courage一defining it, desiring it, and, ultimately, achieving it-is the most salient element of the narrative.anhood Throughout the novel, Henry struggles to preserve his manhood, his understanding of which parallels his understanding of courage, elf reservation n anxious desire for self preservati
25、on influences Henry throughout the novel.The Universe, s Disregard for Human Life Henry, s realization that the natural world spins on regardless of the manner in which men live and die is perhaps the most difficult lesson that Henry learns as a soldier.outh and aturity! !though the novel spans no m
26、ore than a few weeks, the reader witnesses a profound change in the characters of both Henry and WilsonTheodore Dreiser merican author, outstanding representative of naturalism, whose novels depict real life subjects in a harsh light fter briefly attendingndiana University, he found work as areporte
27、r on the hicago . Io a eer he worked for the t. ouis lobe emo, I愉I t. ouis epubli and itts , r h ispatch efore movin to ew or where he attempted to establish himself as a novelist. He was a oracio （如S饥似渴的）reader, and the impact of suchwriters as Hawthorne, oe, Balzac, Herbert pencer, and reud influe
28、n ehdis tho hatnd his reactiOnagainstorgani erdeligion. reiSerworkedfor the ew or orld efore ran orris, who was workinfor ran oubleday, helped reiser, s firstisbrel,arrie to , epubIishedH. owever, the owners disapprovedof the novel, s subject matter the moral orruption of the heroine, arrie eeber an
29、d it was not promoted and therefore sold adl .reiser was left oriented in his reiser ontinued to wor as ai ews.Ournalist and as well as writinenin, alsost al. !However,inclair ewis, and art .for mainstream newspapers such as the aturdahad wor pubIisheiln socialistmagazines ahs he nlike man of his Ii
30、terar friends such as a ondon, he never oined the ocialistorksisterarrieennie erhardtnmericanragedheinancierheitanriloof esirehetoiposthumouslriloof esireheeniusriloof esirereiser ooksatssiaautobiographical1heinancierhafiditanabout ranowperwood,a powerhungrsinesstycoon.nmericanragedwas asedon the he
31、ster illette andraceBrown murder ase thathad takenplace in. out ister arrieister arri, epublisheiln sta, nds at the atewa of the new entur . heodore reiser ased his first novel on the life of his sister mma.In she ran awa to oronto, anadawith a married man who had stolen mone from his employer, hest
32、or as told reiser, about arrie eeber who ecometshe mistress of a travel in salesman, is napologeticaltlold and reated a scandal with its moral transgressio（n违S反道德准则）. he oo was initiall rejected man publishers on the rounds that is was u immoral, . Indeed, Harper Brothers, the first publisher to see
33、 the book, rejected it by saying it was not, wsufficiently delicate to depict without offense to the reader the continued illicit （违禁的） inalIyDoubleday and Ompanpyublished the boo in order to fulfilltheir contract, butran Doubleday refused to promote the boos a result, it sold less than seven hundre
34、d copies and Dreiser received a reputation as a naturalist barbarian ister arrisold poorly but was redeemed by writers like ran orrisand illia Dean Owellswho saw the novel as a breakthrough inerican realis owever, the publication battles over ister arriecaused Dreiser to become depressed, so uch so
35、that his brother sent hi to a sanitariu for a short whileister arrie, published in, is one of the best nown storyof erican Dream, tracing the aterial rise of arrie eeber and the tragic decline ofurstwood arrie eeber,penniless and full of the illusion of ignorance and youth, leaves her rural hometo s
36、ee wor in hicago nthe train, she Becomesacquaintedwith harlesDrouet, a salesman n hicago, she lives with her sister, and wor for a time in a shoe factory eager income and terrible working condition oppress her Imaginativespirit ftera period of Unemploymenatnd loneliness, she accepts Drouet and becom
37、es his istress During his absence, she falls in love with Drouet, S friend urstwood, a iddle aged, arried, comparatively intelligent culture saloon anager heyfinally elope heylive together for three years ore arrie becomes ature in intellect and emotion, whileurstwoodsteadily declines t last, she th
38、inks hi too great a burden and leaves hiurstwoodsinks1ower and lower fterbecominga beggar,he commitsuicide, while arriebecomesa star of Usicalcomedyn spite of her success, she is lonely and dissatisfied he theme in ister arr, i e novel written by heodore Dreiser, is aterialis he theme is primarily p
39、ersonified through arrie with her desire for a fine home, clothes and everything else oney can buy aterialis i, ncluding the desire for oney, is an importanttheme in ister arrie he aterialis is shown OStlythrough arrie, s character but also through urstwood, a anwith a respectable life and oney, who
40、 still wants oreand for that reason commitascrie he city in itself is also a place of aterialism, it is a place that offers all inds of amusements, pleasures and things to buy, but to participate in what the city has to offer one has to havemoney. valuationefaced every form of attack that a serious
41、artist could encounter misunderstanding, misrepresentation, artistic isolation and commercial seduction, uthe survived to lead the rebellionof thes.Dreiser has een a controversial figure in American literary history.isworks are powerful in their portrayal of the changing American life, ut his style
42、is considered crude.tis in Dreiser, s works that American naturalism is said to have come of age.Dreiser, s novels are formless at times and awkwardly written, and his characterization is found deficient and his prose pedestrian and dull, yet his very energy proves to emore than a compensation. Drei
43、ser, s stories are always solid and intensely interesting with their simple ut highly moving characters. Dreiser is good at employing the ournalisticmethod of reiteration to urna central impression into the reader, s mind.ora commemorative service in., . enckenwrote a eulogy in whichhe stuck ythe ar
44、gument that he had eenmaking for over thirty fiveyears despite Dreiser, sflaws as a stylist, fact remains that he is a great artist, and that no other American of his generation left so wide and handsome a mark upon the national letters.American writing, efore and after his time, differed almost as much as iology efore and after Darwin. e was a man of large originality, of profound feeling, and of unshakab 1 ecourage. All of us who write are etterere lies the power and permanence that have made Dreiser one of America, s foremost novelists.
