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1、Ireland.,A Presentation on the history,culture,traditions and people of Ireland.,Ireland,Ireland is an island at the western edge of Europe.,Ireland has two separate jurisdictions.,Republic of IrelandCapital:DublinPopulation:4.3millionCurrency:EuroNorthern IrelandCapital:BelfastPopulation:1.7million
2、Currency:PoundEnglish and Irish is spoken in both ROI and NI.,Irish Symbol:The Harp,Irish Harp（竖琴）is so closely associated with Irish identity that it serves as the nations national emblem（国徽）.,Geography and Climate,A ring of coastal mountains surrounds low central plains.The island has a mild ocean
3、ic climate.(Temperate Climate)Not too hot,not too cold.Rain and wind is year round.It receives the full force of storms from the Atlantic Ocean,especially in winter.,Wildlife,Wild life animals of Ireland are typically woodland animals.Red deer,red fox,mountain hare,badger,Farmed animals,Cows and esp
4、ecially sheep are found everywhere in Ireland.They are very important to the Irish economy.,Irish History,9000 years ago Ireland was covered in ice till the Ice Age ended.Stone age people arrived from Europe about 8000 BC.Agriculture(farming)began about 4000 BC.,The Celts,The Celtic race of people a
5、rrived from Europe to Ireland between 800-100 BC.Ireland became a Celtic country.It was from this tribal people that the modern Irish language came from and Irish identity is founded upon.,Christianity,Christianity began to arrive in Ireland from about 431AD onwards.The Celts adopted the new religio
6、n.Traditionally it was said to have been brought by Saint Patrick and St.Patricks day is celebrated on March 17th every year.,Christian monasteries.,Ireland began to attract many Christian monks from Europe as a place of learning and a life of religion.Its remote location appealed to many monks to b
7、uild many monasteries.The ruins of one of the oldest and remotest monasteries is Scellig Mhicael,now a tourist attraction.,The ruins of Monasteries are found throughout Ireland and are now very popular tourist attractions.,Viking raiders.,Vikings from the Scandinavian countries(Norway,Sweden,Denmark
8、)began raiding towns and monasteries on the Irish coasts in the 9th Century.The Vikings especially raided Christian monasteries where precious treasures and goods could be stolen.The monks built tall round towers to hide in when the Vikings attacked.Later the Vikings began to settle in Ireland and b
9、uild port towns such as Dublin.,The Normans,Normans came in the 12th century and built castles all over the country and founded many towns.The Normans came originally from Normandy in France.Over many years the division between the 3(Celts,Normans and Vikings)disappeared and they became a single Iri
10、sh race,speaking the Irish language and living the Irish way of life.Norman castles can be found across Ireland.,The start of British rule in Ireland.,In 1171 King Henry 2 of England came to Ireland to claim sovereignty over Ireland.However in reality English control was only maintained in Dublin.Th
11、e rest of the country continued to be a wild place,which remained under the control of the Irish kings.,The Plantations of Ireland.,Serious attempts by the English Crown to bring Ireland under the control of London did not begin until the 15th and 16th centuries.Lands were taken from the Irish kings
12、 by invading British.Land was given to loyal English settlers.The most successful plantation was in the north.Most people in Northern Ireland today are descendants from the English settlers.These people are still loyal to England.,Oliver Cromwell,Oliver Cromwell won the Civil war in England.He was d
13、etermined to bring Ireland under his control.He conquered all of Ireland by 1652.,The Great Famine 1845-1850,The staple diet of the Irish people at this time was the potato.The potato was almost entirely releyed upon by Irish people.Many people died or emigrated to America.Since the 1840s emigration
14、 became a part of Iirsh life up until the late 1990s.,Emigration,People want to find a better life and good jobs in other countries.The struggle with England and a poor economy was the cause of so many leaving.The population of Ireland has always been small as a result and today is only 6 million.,T
15、he Easter Rising of 1916,The 1916 Rising was the start of the War of Independence against England.Independence was declared by Irish Volunteers at the General Post Office(GPO).In 2006 the Irish Government celebrated 90 years since the Rising.,Independence and the division of Ireland.,Michael Collins
16、 had led the war effort against Britain.A treaty was signed after the War of Independence in 1921.However the people of Northern Ireland did not want to separate from England and so they remained part of the United Kingdom(UK).Many of the NI people felt betrayed by the British government for giving
17、independence to the Irish.,Civil war in Ireland 1921-1923,Almost half of the Irish people refused to accept the Treaty.Most Irish people voted in favour of the Treaty,wishing to end violence and allow Northern Ireland to remain part of the UK.Civil war started between the two Irish sides in the Repu
18、blic of Ireland.The anti-treaty movement was led by Eamonn Devalera.,Top:Eamonn DeValera who rejected the Treaty and led the anti-treaty movement.Bottom:Michael Collins who defended the Treaty.,Northern Ireland and The Troubles 1969-1998.,The Troubles began with unrest between the majority loyalist
19、and the minority republican population of NI.Loyalist=people descended from English settlers during the plantations.Republican=people descended from native Irish.Here is a British soldier on duty in the streets of NI.,Armies were founded on both sides of NIs community.On the Republican side the Iris
20、h Republican Army(IRA)was founded.On the Loyalist side the Ulster Volunteer Force(UVF)was founded.Both armies were declared illegal by the governments in London and Dublin.The British Army was deployed in NI to try to control the violence.,The Belfast Agreement 1998,The war between the terrorist gro
21、ups officially ended.It was agreed that politics must be peaceful in NI and that power would be shared by both communities.However much hatred and mistrust still exists between both sides.,Continued social division in Northern Ireland.,The walls that were built by the British army to separate fighti
22、ng communities are still in place in much of NI,especially Belfast.In different areas of NI people fly either British or Irish flags and paint murals on walls to show which side they belong to.,Some Loyalist murals.,Republican murals.,Irish Economy/Celtic Tiger,Irelands economy had many problems for
23、 a long time.This changed in the 1990s when the period named The Celtic Tiger began.Emigration ended.Many Irish people returned and also many foreigners began to work in Ireland,especially from Eastern European countries such as Poland.The Spire of Dublin symbolises modernisation and growing prosper
24、ity in Ireland.,Irish Life:Sport in Ireland.,Ireland has a rich sporting culture.Ireland has two national sports native to Ireland.Hurling.Gaelic football.Croke Park in Dublin is where all major sporting events are currently played.It is the 4th largest stadium in Europe.,Hurling爱尔兰式曲棍球,Hurling is a
25、 game played by two teams of 15 players each.Each player has a wooden stick.Players hit a small hard leather ball and try to score in the opponents goal.It is the fastest field sport in the world and a very exciting sport to watch.,Gaelic Football,Gaelic Football is different from normal football be
26、cause players can use their hands.There are 15 players on each team.The playing field is much larger than a soccer field.,Rugby（橄榄球）and football,Rugby and football are not Irish sports but are both very popular.Rugby is a very physical sport played with an oval ball.There is a very strong rugby trad
27、ition in Ireland.,Brian ODriscoll is one of Irelands best Rugby players,Football,Football is very popular in Ireland.Because football is much bigger in England,most of Irelands best players play for English clubs such as Manchester United or Liverpool.They return to Ireland only to play internationa
28、l matches for Ireland.,Roy Keane,Roy Keane is probably Irelands most famous player.He was the team captain for both Manchester United（曼联）and Ireland for many years.,Irish Cuisine,The potato has always been,and still is,the main food to go with meals each day.The Irish stew is a traditional Irish mea
29、l.It is made from mutton,potatoes,onions,carrot and parsley.,Full Irish Breakfast,Sausages（香肠）,pudding,bacon,egg,beans,toast,orange juice,tea or coffee.,Guinness,Guinness is a type of beer from Ireland.It is very famous and the Guinness brewery in Dublin is a tourist attraction,Irelands famous bever
30、age,Irish whiskey,water of life,Culture,Customs and Tradition,Ireland has a rich culture.Every March 17th the people celebrate St.Patricks day.Parades are held in every Irish town.On St.Patricks day people wear green clothes.,St Patricks Day celebrations.,Orange parades.,This part of Irish culture i
31、s celebrated mostly in Northern Ireland by those of British descent.Marching season takes place during July.,Irish dancing,Irish dancing is an old popular dance.Dancers do not move their arms,but keep them at their sides.Dancers move their legs in fast rhythm with Irish music.,Irish Music,Music and
32、dance were the main forms of entertainment in Ireland in the past.Traditional musicians often have sessions in the corner of a pub.People would sing along,dance and enjoy a beer in the pub after work.These sessions are a big tourist attraction for foreigners.,A typical Irish pub in County Donegal,Th
33、e Banjo and the Bodhran drum 班卓琴 宝思兰鼓,Popular music today,Ireland has a lot of modern musicians that are very popular internationally.They include rock bands,pop groups and singers.Westlife,The Corrs.,Other popular artists include U2,Enya and Sinead OConnor,Beautiful Landscape Sceneries Makes Irelan
34、d an Attraction for Film-Shooting,King ArthurBrave HeartThe Wind That Shakes the BarleySaving Private RynnQuiet ManOnceP.S.I love youBecoming Janethe Count of Monte CristoFar and AwayLeap Year,IrishNobelLiteraryLaureates,W.B.Yeats(1865-1939),G.BernardShaw(1856-1950),Samuel Beckett(1906-1989),Seamus
35、Heaney(1839-),Major Cities Dublin CorkGalwayLimerickWaterford,Dublin,Irish cities are now very cosmopolitan(国际性的).Dublin is a popular weekend destination for Europeans.,Leinster house,Leinster house is where the Irish Government meets in Dublin.,The Four Courts,This is where the supreme court of Ire
36、land is.All of the countrys most high profile law cases take place here.,Trinity College Dublin,Other sights of Dublin,Galway,Galway is a city on the west coast of Ireland.Population:72,414.It is a very popular town for tourists.It has many old narrow medieval streets.,Galway Bay is famous for its s
37、pectacular sunsets.This was from the beach in the heart of the city.,Town square,The streets in the centre of the city are narrow,with little space for cars.,The Claddagh is a traditional fishing village,a few minutes walk from the town centre.,Galway Cathedral,National University of Ireland,Galway.
38、,The Galway Arts Festival and the Galway Races,Both of these events take place during the summer.They attract huge crowds of people from Ireland,England,Europe and America.,Limerick,The third largest city in the Republic of IrelandThe main economic region outside of Dublin and Cork,Waterford,Irelands oldest city（Founded in 914AD by the Vikings）the Irish Republics fifth largest city.,Thats all,thanks for your attention,
