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1、动词的时态语态,objective,To learn to use the modal verbs correctly,【2011北京卷,32】Bob has gone to California.Oh,can you tell me when he?A.has left B.left C.is leaving D.would leave【解析】句意为“Bob已经去了加利福尼亚。噢，你能告诉我他什么时候离开的？”Bob has gone to California，去的动作已经发生过，说明他离开的动作发生在过去，因此使用一般过去时。选B。,【2011天津卷,3】In the last few
2、years thousands of films all over the world.A.have produced B.have been produced C.are producing D.are being produced【解析】句意为“在过去的几年时间里，全世界制作了成千上万部电影。”in the last few years在过去的几年时间里，其实是从过去算到现在，是现在完成时的标志。选B,【2011天津卷,4】On her next birthday,Ann married for twenty years.A.is B.has been C.will be D.will h
3、ave been【解析】句意为“等到下次生日的时候，Ann结婚有二十年了。”her next birthday是将来的时间，for twenty years是个时间段。将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态，故选D。,【2011重庆卷,21】That piece of music sounds quite familiar.Who the piano upstairs?A.has played B.played C.plays D.is playing【解析】句意为“那首乐曲听起来相当熟悉。是谁在楼上弹钢琴？”在听的过程中才发出谁在弹钢琴的疑问，sound用的是现在时，交代的时间是现在，故选
4、D。,10全国Linda make sure the table _before the guests arriveA.be set B.set C.are set D.are setting解析Set a table摆放桌子,tables为主语,故用被动结构。make sure后一般接宾语从句。,时态和语态的主要考点1、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。常考的时态为：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成进行、过去将来等。2、时间、条件、让步等状语从句中动词的时态；主从句时态呼应问题。3、持续性动词和终止性动词的用法区别。4、及物动词的被动语态。6、
5、某些以主动形式表被动意义的动词的用法。,The present simple tense 一般现在时,(1)一般现在时的句型结构,肯定句:主语+am/is/are+表语 主语+实义动词(+其它)否定句:主语+am/is/are+not+表语 主语+dont(doesnt)+实义 动词原形(+其它)疑问句:Am/Is/Are+主语+表语 Do(Does)+主语+实义动词原形(+其它),(2)一般现在时的用法,1)表示不随时间的变化而变化的事实、真理、格言、警句等。The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。T
6、omorrow is Monday.明天星期一。,2)表示目前,现在经常发生的动作,习惯,或存在的状态。常与下列表示次数的频率副词连用:often,usually,always,sometimes,seldom,every day(week,year,night),once a week等。,Class begins at eight every morning.每天早晨八点钟开始上课。He always works at night.他经常在晚上工作。,3)表示“预定”或是“安排好”要发生的,不会轻易改变的未来动作,事情。常用于此类用法的动词有come,go,move,stop,leave,
7、arrive,be,finish,continue,start,begin等。,The plane arrives at 8 oclock.飞机八点到。School begins on September 5.九月五日开学。,4)用于戏剧、电影等的剧本解说,体育比赛及其他活动现场解说或图片的说明等。,He passes the ball to John.他把球传给约翰。There are five people in the picture.在这幅画中有五个人。,We will have an exam when we finish the textbook.我们学完课本后将会进行一次测试。I
8、 will tell him that as soon as I see him.我一见到他就会告诉他那件事。We have to wait here before he comes.在他回来前，我们不得不等。,5)在表时间和条件的状语从句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。,常见引导时间状语从句的词汇有:when,while,whenever,before,after,till,until,by the time,as soon as.常见引导条件状语从句的词汇有:if,unless,as long as,so long as,in case(that),provided(that).,1.I _
9、all the cooking for my family,but recently Ive been too busy to do it.(2010 辽宁)A.will do B.do C.am doing D.had done 2.Planing so far ahead no senseso many things will have changed by next year.(2011 全国)A.made B.is making C.makes D.has made,The present continuous tense 现在进行时,(1)现在进行时的基本结构,肯定句:主语+am/i
10、s/are+现在分词 否定句:主语+am/is/are+not+现在 分词 疑问句:Am/Is/Are+主语+现在分词,(2)现在进行时的用法,表示说话时正在进行的,目前正在发生的动作。此种用法时,常带有表示目前时刻的时间副词,如:now,at the(very)moment,for the time being,at present,及Look!Listen!等词汇。,Look!The big bird is flying away.看,那只大鸟正在飞走。He is watching a movie now.他现在正在看电影。,2)表示目前一段时间内正在进行,但说话时可能没有进行的动作。,R
11、ight now I am studying Chinese by distance learning.我现在正通过远程教育学习汉语。,3)与always,constantly,forever,all the time等副词连用,表示动作反复或习 惯。此时句子常含有说话者的强烈 情感在内。表达较强的“责备”或“表 扬”之意。,You are always changing your mind.你总是主意不定。(太烦人了。)He is always helping others.他总是帮助别人。(他真是个好人。),4)see,return,leave,start,visit,go,come,fl
12、y,stay等动词可以用进行时表将来。,He is leaving on Wednesday.他将于周三离开。They are going to Canada next week.他们将下周去加拿大。,1.I hear you in a pub.whats it like?Well,its very hard work and Im always tired,but I dont mind.(2011 江苏)A.are working B.will work C.were working D.will be working2.That piece of music sounds quite f
13、amiliar.Who the piano upstairs?(2011 重庆)A.has played B.played C.plays D.is playing,2.John,what in your hand?Look!Its a birthday gift for my grandma.(2011 湖南)A had you held B are you holding C do you hold D will you hold3.Ill go to the library as soon as I finish what I.(2011 辽宁)A.was doing B.am doin
14、g C.have done D.had been doing,4.Teenagers_their health because they play computer games too much.(2008 重庆)A.have damagedB.are damagingC.damaged D.will damage,5.Have you got any job offers?No.I_.(2008 辽宁)A.waited B.had been waitingC.have waited D.am waiting,The present perfect tense现在完成时,(一)现在完成时的基本
15、用法：,1.表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。I have finished my work.We have set up many new factories.2.动作发生在过去,强调对现在的结果、影响等。Have you ever seen the film“Harry Potter”?Ive spent 3 years in the countryside.,3.表示动作发生在过去,并且一直持续到现在,甚至还可能继续下去,句中使用持续性动词,且常有表示一段时间的时间状语。,We havent seen each other for ten years.Ive been an Engl
16、ish teacher for about 20 years.,4.现在完成时可以用在条件或时间状语从句中,表示将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。,Ill go home as soon as I have finished my homework.Please lend me that book if you have finished reading it.,(二)使用现在完成时的句型1)现在完成时+since+点时间状语(名词、短语、从句，其中从句用一般过去时)2)现在完成时+for+段时间状语 3)It/This is the first/其他序数词/last time+that 从句中
17、，从句使用现在完成时。,1)Mary has been ill since three days ago.2)Mary has been ill for three days.3)It is the first time that I have visited the city.This is the best film that Ive(ever)seen.,注意:在下面的句子中,主句的谓语动词常用一般现在时：,It is three years since I began to work on the farm.,现在完成时表示某一已经完成的动作对现在造成的结果或影响，强调的是现在的情况，
18、所以不能与表示过去的时间状语连用；一般过去时只表示某一动作或状态在过去发生或存在过，与现在不发生联系，它可以与表示过去的时间状语连用。,(三)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:,He has read that book.(说明他现在知道那本书的内容。)He read that book last year.(只说明他去年读过那本书。)He has gone to America.(他现在不在此地，在美国。)He went to America.(只说明他去过美国。),1.Tom in the library every night over the last three months.(2011
19、 北京)works B.worked C.has been working D.had been working,2.I didnt ask for the name list.Why _on my desk?I put it there just now in case you needed it.(2011 安徽)A.does it landB.has it landed C.will it land D.had it landed,3.His first novel good reviews since it came out last month.(2011 陕西)A.receives
20、 B.is receiving C.will receive D.has received,4.It is the most instructive lecture that I _ since I came to this school.(2011 湖南)A.attended B.had attended C.am attending D.have attended5.When you are home,give a call to let me know you _ safely.(2010 全国)are arriving B.have arrived C.had arrived D.wi
21、ll arrive,The present perfect continuous tense现在完成进行时,(一)现在完成进行时的谓语动词构成：,I/we/you/they have been doing sth.he/she/it has been doing sth.,(二)现在完成进行时的基本用法：,The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）,表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现 在的动作，并且还将持续下去。,They have been living in this ci
22、ty for ten years.They have lived in this city for ten years.他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。,2.表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作。,We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了。（动作不再继续下去）,3.有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于 现在完成时的句子。,I have been writing a book.我一直在写一本书。（动作还将继续下去）I have written a book.我已经写了一本书。（动作已经完成）,4.大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等 同于
23、现在完成时的句子。,I have known him for years.我认识他已经好几年了。,5.表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成 进行时。,这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，hate讨厌，等。,1.Tom in the library every night over the last three months.(2011 北京)works B.worked C.has been working D.had been working,Past tenses,一般过去时,过去进行时,一般过去时主要用来表示在特定过 去时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态。如:We
24、 visited the factory last Friday.一般过去时常用的状语有yesterday,last night,two days ago,at that time或since从句等。,Past tenses,注意：1)一般过去时所表示的动作或状态都已 成为过去，现已不复存在。He lived in Shanghai but now he lives in Beijing.(现已不在上海了)He has lived in Shanghai for 2 years.(可能还在上海),2)一般过去时还可用于虚拟语气 中的非真实的动作或状态，常用于 特定句型中表示现在和将来时间。It
25、s time you had a holiday.I wish you lived closer to us.,If only he didnt drive so fast!If I had the money,Id buy a car.-Can I smoke here?-Id rather you didnt.,1.我昨天在街上遇到了Tom。2.他过去常常乘公共汽车上班。3.他进来，坐下来，拿出了一本书。4.他说如果他得到了消息会让我知道。,1.I met Tom in the street yesterday.,2.He used to go to work by bus.,3.He c
26、ame in,sat down and took out a book.,4.He said he would let me know if he got any news.,2.过去进行时主要表示过去某时正进 行的动作。What were you doing yesterday at seven p.m.?,注意：过去进行时也可与always;constantly;continually;for ever;all the time等状语连用表示感情 色彩。He was making trouble all the time.,2)过去进行时在一定上下文中也 可表示按照计划安排即将发生的过 去
27、将来时态。The summer vacation was drawing near,but nobody knew where they were going for the holiday.,3)过去进行时与一般过去时的用法比 较：a:I was reading a novel yesterday.(未读完)I read a novel yesterday.(已读完)b:He was working all through the night.(过去进行时侧重动作的持续时间),1.火灾爆发时，他们正在开会。2.我第一次见到他是在他在伦敦学习时。3.他过去总是惹事。4.他说下个月来看你。,Th
28、ey were having a meeting when the fire broke out.,2.When he was studying in London,I met him for the first time.,3.He was always making trouble in the past.,4.He said that he was coming to see you the next month.,3.过去完成时主要用于表示：,1)完成用法：过去某一时刻或某一 事件前完成的动作或状态。,I had written the article when they came.,
29、By December last year,he had worked in Beijing for five years.,2)未完成用法：过去某一时刻或某一 事件前已经开始，一直延续到这一 过去时间，而且到那时还未结束，仍有继续下去的可能性。,1.当我到车站时，火车已经离开了。2.他告诉我他从未去过北京。3.到上个学期结束的时候，我们已经学习了2000个单词。4.他睡觉以前，已经连续工作了12个小时。,1.When I arrived at the station,the train had left.,2.He told me he had never been to Beijing.,
30、3.We had learned 2000 words by the end of last term.,4.Before he slept,he had worked for 12 hours.,1.一般将来时主要用于表示某个时刻 或某段时间内将要发生的动作或状态,更多的用于带有条件分句的主句中。He will come back next week.Ill ask her as soon as she comes.,Future tenses,注意：1)在主句中用一般现在时表示一般将来时的用法：在表示车、船、飞机等按照固定的时刻表进出站、港时，尤其是特别描述某一车次、轮次和航班的进出时间时
31、，可用此用法，句中的谓语动词常为leave,start,go等。The next train leaves at seven oclock.,2)在从句中用一般现在时表示一般将来时的用法：在以after,when,while,as,before,once,as soon as,if,unless 等引导的状语从句中多用此用法。Ill call you back as soon as I arrive in Paris.,1.你长大后打算做什么？2.他明年30岁。3.我正打算外出，天开始下雨了。4.我应该先读哪一段？5.你今晚7点在家吗？,1.What are you going to do w
32、hen you grow up?,2.He will be thirty years old next year.,3.I am about to go out when it to rain.,4.Which paragraph shall I read first?,5.Will you be at home at seven this evening?,2.将来进行时 用于表示将来某一时刻或时段里 正在进行的动作。What will you be doing this time tomorrow morning?,2)这种结构通常带有“自然要发生”的 含义。You can use my
33、bike.I wont be needing it tomorrow.,1.他们说不久将来看望我们。2.他们说他们下周打算去野餐。3.我们正要打电话给你，你来了。,They said they would drop in on us before long.,2.They said they were going to have a picnic next week.,3.We were on the point of calling you when you came.,被 动 语 态,被动语态由be+过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以give为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：一般现在时
34、：am/is/are+given【例句】The first section of New College English is designed for speaking practiceand is based on pictures and topics.,被动语态的构成,一般过去时：was/were+given【例句】These computers were made in our own country.一般将来时：will/shall be+given【例句】Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?,本句意思为：78岁的Den
35、is先生声明他将把他的大多数收藏品留给国家。所以leave应用一般将来时的被动形式。一般将来时可以用来be to do来表达，因此答案为D。,过去将来时：would be+given【例句】The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.,现在进行时：am/is/are being+given【例句】Trees are being planted over there by them.,过去进行时：was/were being+given【例句】The feast was being prepared wh
36、en the birds arrived in the sky.现在完成时：have/has been+given【例句】Swift progress has also been made in culture and education.,过去完成时：had been+given【例句】The huge bridge had been damaged before the World War II.将来完成时：will/shall have been+given【例句】The book will have been published by the end of next month.,含有
37、情态动词的动词变成被动语态：情态动词+be+过去分词,This problem can be solved.这问题可解决。Whats done cannot be undone.覆水难收。,1.有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语(指人的宾语）。,一些特殊的被动语态,They didnt offer Ann the job.,Ann wasnt offered the job.,2.在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后
38、面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。,They make her clean the floor.,She is made to clean the floor by them.,3.It+be+过去分词+that从句(=主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.),表示：据说/据报道/据悉/据信等,据说这个男孩已经通过了这次全国性的测试。,It is said that the boy has passed thenational exam.The boy is said to have passed thenational exam.,但：It
39、 _ that there was a car over there.A.so happened B.so happens C.is so happened D.was so happened 答案：A.happen是不及物动词，无被动语态。,4.be supposed to suppose vt.推想;假设;猜想 supposed adj.假定的;推测的;意图的(1)据说(=be said to)如：Lets go and see that film.Its supposed to be very good.我们一起去看那电影好吗?人们都说它不错。,(2)计划、安排,Id better hu
40、rry.Its nearly 8 oclock.Im supposed to be meeting Tom at 8:15.,(3)be not supposed to 不允许You are not supposed to park here.这儿不允许停车。,1.某些感官动词加形容词及少数其他的动词可以表示被动意义。cook,smell,taste,wash,write,shut,prove,sell,read,write1.The dish tastes delicious.2.The theory proved right at last.3.The book is so interes
41、ting that it sells well.,不可以变成被动语态的情况,The book is so interesting that it sells well.“sells”此处为不及物动词“销售起来;有销路”的意思；作及物动词为“卖;出售”This kind of cloth washes well.(耐洗),need+V-ing 表示“主语承受动词发出的动作”，表示被动意义。我的车需要修理。My car needs repairing.(=to be repaired).,beg,equal,fail,hold,possess,fit，become,contain,cost,hav
42、e,lack,resemble(相似),suit等。,This new English-Chinese dictionarycost me ten dollars.,3.某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词没有被动语态形式。这类动词常见的有：,战争爆发了。The war broke out.但不能说：The war was broke out.,4.通常只有及物动词（组）才有被动语态，不及物动词没有。,“be+过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。被动语态与系表结构主要区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态，试比较下面的句子：,被动结构与系表结构的区别,T
43、he enemy was soon surrounded by us.The house is surrounded by trees.She was bitten by the dog in the darkness.I was excited by the news that my husbandgot promoted.,被动结构,系表结构,被动结构,系表结构,不定式的被动语态,不定式语法 不定式的时态和语态,不定式有时态和语态的变化，时态共四种，即一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式。语态分为主动语态和被动语态，如下表所示。,不定式被动式讲与练,当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的
44、动作的执行者时用主动语态；当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的承受者时用被动语态。进行式和完成进行式没有被动语态。,1 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时 发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动 作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.=I hope that Ill see you again.,2 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动 词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3 进行时：
45、强调动作已在延续或动作 正在进行。They seem to be getting along well with their new jobs.He seems to be eating something.,4 完成进行时：表示动作是在谓语动 词所表示的动作之前就一直在进行。They are said to have been collecting stamps for over twenty years.He appears to have been waiting a long time.,不定式的被动形式有下列用法:,(1)作主语It is an honour for me to be
46、 asked to speak here.(2)作宾语She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.,一、当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。,(3)构成复合宾语He wanted the letter to be typed at once.She didnt like herself to be praised like that.(4)构成复合谓语The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.,(5)作定语Are you going to the me
47、eting to be heldin the teachers office?(6)作状语She was too young to be assigned suchwork.,二、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等，It is a good thing for him to have beencriticized.She preferred to have been given heavier work to do.,(主语),(宾语),v-ing形式的被动语态,V-ing形式由“do+ing”构成，其否定形式是“not doing”，V-
48、ing可以带宾语或状语构成V-ing 短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。,V-ing形式,(not)doing,(not)being done,(not)having done,(not)havingbeen done,当非限定性动词-ing的逻辑主语是-ing所表示的动作对象时要用-ing的被动形式，包括其一般形式“(not)being+-ed分词和完成形式“(not)havingbeen+-ed分词”。,什么情况用V-ing形式的被动式呢？,当动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，就要用动词-ing形式的被动语态。动词-ing形式的被动语态和它的主动语态一样，在句中可以
49、作主语、宾语、定语、状语。,动词-ing形式的被动语态,1.Being killed by sharks in the sea is a common thing.,用作主语,He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.2.I remember having been told the story.,用作宾语,V-ing形式既可作动词的宾语,也可作介词的宾语。The bird escaped _(catch).He was afraid of _(abandon)by us.,being abandoned,being caught,在avoid
50、,admit,appreciate,complete,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,forgive,imagine,mind,miss,practise,risk,suggest,give up,put off,feel like,insist on等后接V-ing形式作宾语。,注意,The problem being discussed now is very important.2.The house being built will be our library upon its completion.,用作定语,1.Being as
