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1、Lecture Six:Chinese Calligraphy,主讲：国际学院 余惠芬等,Course Objectives,1.To have a rough idea of Chinese calligraphy and painting:history and features as a treasure of Chinese traditional culture2.To learn to express in English when introducing Chinese calligraphy and painting is necessary.,Course Content,S
2、ince time is limited,it is impossible to give a detailed discussion about the topic,the course will focus on a general picture of the subject or some particular aspects.This lecture will center on the brush calligraphy and painting only,and more emphasis is to be laid on calligraphy.,Chinese Calligr
3、aphy,With a history of four to five thousand years,the art of calligraphy is rich and profound in content and has attracted the attention of artists the world over.,What are Four Basic Skills and Disciplines of Chinese Literati文人,文学界?,Shu(calligraphy)Hua(painting),Qin(a string musical instrument),an
4、d Qi(a strategic boardgame)are the four basic skills and disciplines of the Chinese literati.,Calligraphy:features and position&influence,What is the purpose of Chinese calligraphy?,conveying thought,the abstract beauty of the line.,Rhythm,line,and structure are more perfectly embodied in calligraph
5、y than in painting or sculpture.,revealing of ones personality,Chinese Saying:Zi Ru Qi RenZi Zi Zhu Jicriterion for selection of executives to the Imperial court：strokes are permanent and incorrigible,demanding careful plan and confident execution,skills required for an administrator.,an infinite va
6、riety of styles and forms.,By controlling the concentration of ink,the thickness and adsorptivity of the paper,the flexibility of the brush,the artist is free to produce:an infinite variety of styles and formsExample:ink blots,dry brush strokes as impromptu rather than a fault,While western calligra
7、phy,font-like uniformity,homogeneity of in one size is only a craft.书法 handwriting,a most relaxing yet highly disciplined exercise indeed for ones physical and spiritual well being.Eg.Many calligraphy artist were known for their longevity,Influence,Japan&Korea:calligraphy as an important treasure of
8、 their heritage.Japanese:contest of writing big characters at schoolsBig gathering commemorating the Lanting Xu by Wang Xi ZhiKorean:government officials were required to excel in calligraphy.Office of Okinawa governor-decor,In the West:Picasso and Matisse马蒂斯，亨利1869-1954法国艺术家、野兽派画家先锋Picasso：Had I be
9、en born Chinese,I would have been a calligrapher,not a painter Henri Matisse：Traces of calligraphy strokes in the paintings,Jackson Pollocks action paintings：the impact of Cao Shu(swift/grass style)by Huai Su.Pollock,Jackson(1912-56).American painter,the commanding figure of the Abstract Expressioni
10、st movement.,Brice Marden(American)and Mark Tobey American Abstract Expressionist Painter,1890-1976)：two other contemporary artists who have actually studied Chinese calligraphy and used its techniques in their paintings.,modern Western art：especially in industrial art.in computer advertisements:cal
11、ligraphy-type,free-form lettering in lieu of the mundane Time Roman and Arial fonts.Notably,the logo of Lucent 美国朗讯科技公司,原AT&T实验室is a best example of application of Chinese calligraphy-a red circle done with a Chinese brush signifies the first bit of all computer language(zero).,proliferation of digi
12、tal computation and silicon chips,free form calligraphy prevail.a renaissance period for this ancient art.,Like chopsticks,as Chinese culture spread to Korea,Japan,Vietnam and Singapore,calligraphy became a unique feature of Oriental art.,What is calligraphy?,Chinese calligraphy is an Oriental art.B
13、ut what makes it an art?,the art of writing Chinese characters.a unique artistic form with a long historynot content with writing the characters correctly and legibly urged by their love of beauty and creative impulse,make each character into an artistic unit through centuries of sustained and unint
14、errupted practice,and by putting many such units together,produce an artistic compositions.,a graphic composition a life-unit consisting of bone and muscles,flesh and blood,which allows people to display their imagination and artistic ability freely;the unique writing implements,especially the brush
15、,Qualities of a painting Use of Chinese characters to communicate the spiritual world of the artist.Different faces different handwriting Through medium of form,way of handling the brush,presentation,and style,calligraphy as a work of art conveys the moral integrity,character,emotions,esthetic feeli
16、ngs and culture of the artist to readers,affecting them by the power of appeal and the joy of beauty.,not only a practical technique for writing Chinese characters but also a unique Oriental art of expression and a branch of learning or discipline as well.rich in content,wide ranging and deep,formin
17、g an important part of Chinese culture，including：evolution of writing stylesdevelopment and rules of technique history of calligraphy,calligraphers and their inheritance in art,evaluation of calligraphy as a work of art.,In the eyes of knowledgeable western scholar:not mere symbol,but a lofty arteve
18、ry character is written like a beautiful flower.develop a keen interest in and love for Chinese calligraphy.,from the construction of the characters they seek to understand calligraphy.from calligraphy they seek to learn about Oriental culture abstract beauty of Chinese calligraphic art.-the most an
19、cient and most condensed of abstract arts.,the beauty of image in painting,the beauty of dynamism in dance and the beauty of rhythm in music.an intimate relationship between abstract art-the ultramodern art of the West and the most ancient art-calligraphy-of the East.,Although calligraphys home is C
20、hina,it does not belong exclusively to China.It does not belong exclusively to the East,either.Its no exaggeration to say that calligraphy is a gem in the worlds art treasury.,Origin of calligraphy ancient Chinese Calligraphy history,since the day when the shell-and-bone inscriptions appeared in the
21、 Shang periodNo precise date is given in ancient Chinese history.,Legend:Yellow Emperor-Cang Jie invented the Chinese language-calligraphy came-4,600 years ago,but legendary and credible.,archaeological discoveries-new China-have authenticated that 4,500 years ago language came into existence in Chi
22、na.It follows that calligraphy entered an embryonic stage then.,The photo is an ancient sunrise painting.The painting was a design inscribed on a big-mouthed pottery jar-a sacrificial vessel to the sun by primitive Chinese forebears in Shandong during the period when the Dawenkou culture thrived(400
23、0-2000 BC).,Pottery discovered in the ruins of the ancient Longshan culture in Dinggong Village,Zouping County,Shan-dong Province,in January 1992.,It may well be described as the embryo of calligraphy in seal characters.It is 4,300 years old,Chinese calligraphy is at least four thousand years old,ba
24、sed on legendary tales and on textual criticism in archaeology.,But:,Is it possible that something like a brush was used to write the calligraphy?In other words,calligraphy written by means of the brush also has a history of over four thousand years in China.the beginning up to the Han Dynasty-from
25、the primitive to mature.more simplified,more convenient and more practical and as beautiful as possible.,So it is reasonable that some scholars and critics regard the Han Dynasty,or to be more exact,the late Han as the beginning era when character-writing was purposely engaged in as an art.(206BC220
26、AD),Analysis of Chinese characters(Calligraphy Alphebet),Calligraphy is the art of writing Chinese characters.To understand calligraphy,one must first know something about Chinese characters.,The various nationalities in the world have created their own languages,but the Chinese have created an inde
27、pendent calligraphic art.Why?The reason is mainly related to the features of the language.,Two Systems of Languages,Languages fall into two systems:sound and meaning.Phonetic：语音 Eg:The cuneiform 楔形的,楔状骨的,楔形文字的 writing of the Sumerian n.闪族人语the Katakana in the Japanese language English,French,Russian
28、,German and Latin,Ideographic 表意的,表意字构成的,The language of the sacred books of ancient Egypt,the pictographic象形文字的language of Crete 克利特岛(位于地中海东部,属希腊),the Chinese language the language of the Dongba nationality.Ideographic languages have for the most part become extinct.Only one such language as,Chines
29、e,is still widely used today.,A comparison of the two systems of language indicates that a phonetic language has an advantage over an ideographic language.Phonetic languages:few letters,easily learned and memorized,popularized more easily The pinyin form of Chinese represents the direction of langua
30、ge development.,ideographic languages:a great many symbols,difficult and cumbersome morphology,hard to learn and remember,easily be popularized.morphology n.生物形态学、形态论,语法词法、词态学 cumbersome adj.讨厌的,麻烦的,笨重的,The inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty,three thousand years ago or so
31、,had vocabularies of five thousand symbols.The recently published Han Yu Da Zi Dian汉语大字典,a comprehensive Chinese-language dictionary,has over 54,000 entries.,Every character can be written in regular script,grass script,official script,etc.,and every script can be written differently,ranging from a
32、few to as many as scores of styles.The largest runs to about one hundred.For example,bai shou tu 百寿图 shows one hundred ways to write shou(longevity)in official script.,The Chinese language contains an enormous number of characters.difficult to novice n.新手,初学者,Everything in the world is said to have
33、a dual character.For Chinese:a huge stock of characters and the morphology varies greatly.writing words in many ways.Opening up a huge vista（n.狭长的景色,街景,展望,回想）for Chinese calligraphy to develop into an independent art.difficult to master but governed by rules.,Just like notes in music,characters are
34、formed by changing the combination of elements.Tens of thousands of words in Chinese can be broken down into several hundred component parts.Take,for instance：中国,Eight basic strokes in Chinese Character,dot,dash,perpendicular downstroke,downstroke to the left,wavelike stroke,hook,upstroke to the rig
35、ht and bend.The eight basic strokes,like notes in music,can be developed into many tunes and movements,or schools of Chinese calligraphy.,Every Chinese character contains a picture,What Chinese calligraphy supply do you need?,brush,ink,paper ink stone(Ink Slab),Calligraphy Set-Four treasures of the
36、study,Brush,Meng Tian(?-210 B.C.)brush predated the written language itself.Based on the decorative designs on painted pottery and visible stains or marks of a brush,The history of the Chinese brush can be traced back a least six thousand years.,Brushin a large degree makes writing of Chinese Charac
37、ter an art.strokes can be light or heavy,thick or fine.The strokes flow naturally,entering an artistic world with an element of wonder.Other materials may give you a handsome style,but they can hardly attain the level of achievement in calligraphic art executed by the brush.,Selecting brush,The head
38、 of brush:made of the hair of the goat,wolf,rat or rabbit The Chinese brush point should have the following characteristics:roundness,pointedness,evenness and strength.“round like an awl,pressed like a chisel”,Kinds:,By material:soft,stiff or combination of the twoSoft:made of goat hair Yang HaoStif
39、f:made of wolf hair Lang HaoCombination:70 percent rabbit hair and 30 percent goat hair Jian HaoBy size:small,medium size,bigGenerally,a big,soft brush is used to write large characters and a small,stiff one to write small characters.,Ink Stick,LegendKang Yi 2800 years agoArchaeologists:ink marks on
40、 the back of inscribed bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty,3200 years ago.,Three major categories of Ink,sticks fall into three major categories,according to the chief materials used in manufacture.The pine-soot ink stick:pine sootglue,medicinal material and spices.The oil-soot ink stick.T
41、ung oil,sesame oil,rapeseed oil or petroleum is burned and the soot is mixed with gelatine,medicinal material and spices.The oil-and pine-soot ink stick.This is a mixture of the previous Proportions vary,and the quality of the ink stick differs accordingly.,Choosing the ink stick,by its color and so
42、und.Glossy adj.平滑的,有光泽的purple is best.Black is second.Glossy green is third.Glossy white is last.If you strike the ink stick and it gives a light sound,this means it is a fine ink stick.If the sound is muffled,it is not a good one.If the sound is fine when you grind the ink stick on the slab,it mean
43、s you have a good ink stick.If the sound is rough during grinding,it means the ink stick is none too good.,How to grind the ink stick,Clean water for grinding.The best water contains a small amount of salt.Next comes well water,then tap water,then distilled water.Do not Use tea or hot water to grind
44、 an ink stick.,The ink stick must be balancedPress hard and rub lightly.Rub the ink stick slowly and evenly.At first use only a little water.When a thick liquid forms,add water and rub or grind again.The thickness or thinness of the ink depends on how much or how little you need to use.If the ink is
45、 too thick,it will be difficult to use the tip of the brush,which will glue up.If the ink is too thin,it will probably filter through the paper.,Paper,Legend-Cai Lun 7-121)Archaeological discoveries:Early Western Han,a coarse paper appeared.,Xuan paper,Jing County paper was first shipped to Xuanzhou
46、,then transshipped to other ports.(the county was under the jurisdiction of Xuanzhou Prefecture),hence the name.soft and fine textured,suitable for conveying the artistic expression of both Chinese calligraphy and painting.good tensile/tensail/strength and not easily eaten by moths,preserved for a l
47、ong time.reputation of lasting a thousand years.,kinds of Xuan paper,kinds of Xuan paper:dan,jia,luowen,coral,tiger-skin and jade-plate.Quality:unprocessed,processed or half-processed.Its somewhat to your advantage to use coarse paper.If you practice handwriting under less favorable conditions,you d
48、evelop greater adaptability.Do not think that you cannot produce good handwriting if you do not have good-quality paper to practice on.,Ink Slab or Ink Stone,When was ink slab invented?,controversial question.Attributed to the Yellow Emperor，but appeared much earlier(six to seven thousand years ago)
49、Archaeologists:many ancient ink slabs discovered,such as a jade ink slab of the Shang and Zhou dynasties,a stone slab of the pre-Qin Dynasty,a painted slab and a painted slab mixed with sand belonging to the Han Dynasty,copper and silver slabs as well as iron slabs of the Wei and Jin dynasties,a blu
50、e porcelain slab of the Six Dynasties and a clay slab of the Tang Dynasty.,What was ink stone made of?,Most ink slabs,modern or ancient,were made of stone.The earliest ink slab was made of stone and acquired the greatest popularity.,How can ink stones be classified?,Ink stones or ink slabs have been
