《词汇学-词的意义及理据.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《词汇学-词的意义及理据.ppt（52页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、,Week 7,Sandy,Outline,Word Meaning词义Motivations of meaning 词的理据词的意义究竟指什么？这个词为什么是这个意思？,关于词义的一些基本理论和基本概念,words defined as thingswords defined as reference,1 words defined as things,Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between name and meaning.Meaning is what the form stands for.意义指的是它代
2、表的内容。e.g.desk:something you sit at and you do your work.,所指关系relationship between language and the world;between words and the things,actions,events,and qualities they stand for.By means of reference,a speaker indicates which things in the world(including persons)are being talked about.For example,t
3、he word tree refers to the object tree.,2 words defined as reference,In other words,only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign（语言符号）and a referent（所指物）,i.e.,an object,a phenomenon,a person,etc.does the sign become meaningful.The reference of a word to a thing outside the
4、 language is arbitrary（随意的）and conventional（约定俗成的）.This connection is the result of generalization（归纳）and abstraction（抽象）.,Semantic Triangle 语义三角,意义（概念）Meaning(Concept),词Word,形式Form,所指对象Referent,tree,What is concept?,It is the general idea or meaning which is associated with a word or symbol in a pe
5、rsons mind.指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。Tree,Meaning and Concept：difference,closely connected but not identical（关系密切、并不相同）They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories.Concept,which is beyond language,is the result of human cognition,reflecting the
6、objective world in the human mind.Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture,race,language and so on.,But meaning belongs to language,so is restricted to language use.A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world.Even in the same language,the s
7、ame concept can be expressed in different words.概念属于人类认知领域思维领域；意义属于语言领域。,Words and Referents,专有名词无词义，有所指对象；不同的专有名词指同一个对象；少数词有词义，无所指对象；,proper names typically have only one reference,Barack Hussein Obama,but it has little linguistic meaning,Sometimes two different proper names have the same referent.
8、,Mark Twain,Samuel Langhorne Clemens,hobbits,unicorn,Harry Potter,Some words just dont have referents in real world,but they make sense,but,what is sense?有些词虽然在现实世界中没有具体对象，但它们却有意义。什么是意义？,Sense,语义词或句子本身所表示的语言本身的意义。即，词义和句义。每个有词义的词都有语义，但不一定有所指称的事物（reference）。,reference&sense:difference,Sense denotes th
9、e relationships inside the language.Reference denotes the relationship between words and the things,actions,events,and qualities they stand for.Every word that has meaning has sense but not every word has reference.e.g:but,almost.These grammatical words do not refer to anything.And words like God,dr
10、agon and phoenix refer to imaginary things.,Limitations of Reference Theory,Many words have no real-world referents.Yet speakers do know the meanings of these expressions.Similarly,function words have no real-world entities to refer to.,Concepts related,Word Meaning 词义Sense 语义Reference 所指Referent 所指
11、物Concept 概念,2 Motivation of Word Meaning,1.What is motivation理据?It refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.理据解释语言符号与意义之间的关系。,Motivation of Word Meaning,onamatopoeia motivation 拟声morphologic motivation 形态semantic motivation 语义etymologic motivation 词源,1.Onomatopoeic Moti
12、vation拟声理据It means the imitation of sounds by sounds.（语言对声音的模仿）Words coined in imitation of the sounds associated with the things named are called onomatopoeia.,Onomatopoeic Motivation,Primary onomatopoeiaPrimary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sounds by sounds.,ApesBears Bulls CatsEaglesFrogsGo
13、ats,gibbergrowlbellowmew(purr)scream.croak.bleat.,Hens cluck.Larks warbleLions roar Magpies chatter.Mice squeak Owls hoot(screech)pigeons coo.Pigs squeal.Snakes hiss.Wolves howl.Turkeys gobble.,Sound made by metal：clash,clank,ting,tinkle,clang,jangle,ding-dong,tick-tack,Sound by liquid：splash,bubble
14、,sizz,sizzle,splish-splosh,drip-drop,Secondary OnomatopoeiaIt means that certain sounds and sound sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.,Sn-breath-noise:sniff,snuff,snore,snort2)quick separation or movement:snip,snap,snatch3)creeping:snake,snail,sneak,snoop,Sl-sl
15、ippery:slide,slip,slither,slush,sluice,sludge2)pejorative sense:slattern,slut,slang,sly,sloppy,slovenly,Sk-:与表面接触：skate,skim,skin,skid,skimp-ump:表示圆形体：plump,chump,rump,hump,stump,dump,mump,/h/表示猛烈使劲时的气喘声：heavy,haste,hurry,hit,heave,hoarse,hurl等,Wh-表示“剧烈”的拟声词：wham,whang,whap,whop,wheeze,whicker,whinn
16、y,whomp,whoop,Words which were formed by means of morphological structure belong to the category of motivation by morphology.Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined.,2.Morphological motivation形态理据,When we talk
17、ed about derivational affixes,we said most of them have a specific meaning,and when added to a root,they derive a new word.If one knows the meaning of the affix and the root,say able and read,then one can immediately tell that the meaning of the word readable is“that can be read”.We say the word is
18、morphologically motivated,for a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.,Compound words may be morphologically motivated too.The meaning of words like good-looking,headache,daydream and many others derive from the combined meaning of the componen
19、t parts.However,not all compounds are motivated.We cannot infer the meaning of words like bigwig,egghead from their component parts.,It refers to the mental associations 联想意义 suggested by the conceptual meaning 概念意义 of a word.It explains the connection between the literal sense 字面意义 and figurative s
20、ense 比喻意义 of the word.,3.Semantic Motivation语义理据,MetonymyAnalogy,1)use a persons name to refer to the things related;He read Shakespeare.2)use a container to refer to what is inside;The kettle is boiling.He is addicted to the bottle.Please drink a cup.,Metonymy 借代,3)use part of body organs to refer
21、to their functions:an ear for musicDont let your heart rule your head.4)use the place name to refer to the product produced there.I could do with a cup of canary.Canary is a place where this kind of grape wine is produce.5)use prominent features to refer to the person concernedThe blue eyes walked i
22、nto the room.,2 Analogy,Words are created in imitation of other words:telethon,talkathon:from marathon,1 Colour analogy类比,black list,white list,gray listblue-collar workers,white collar workers gray-collar workers,2 Number Analogy,First ladyFirst MotherFirst Familythe Fourth world,3 Place and Space
23、Analogy,landscape:moonscape,marscapesunrise:earthriseearthquake:starquake,Synonymous Analogy,Gap missile production development credibility generation,Pollutionenvironmental visual/eye noise/sound Cultural Graffiti,It denotes that the origins of words often throw light on their meanings.E.g.:Pen ori
24、ginally refers to a heavy quill or feather.Today the writing tool is still“pen”,but a meaning is not exactly the same as what it used to mean.Proper nouns,once they become common nouns,can be explained by their origins only.For example:a laconic answer,4.Etymological motivation词源理据,Laconic 源于Lakon，意
25、为“一个拉哥尼亚人”，它是希腊的一个地区名，斯巴达是其首府。以好战和纪律严明闻名的斯巴达人也同样因为言简意赅而闻名，laconic 这个词从1589年起被发现有言简意赅的意思起直到今天仍然被英国作家用来表示这一意思。a laconic answer 简洁的回答,词源理据：典故性与词义性典故性:人名/物名(commonization of proper names)tantalize(Tantalus)/siren(Siren)/boycott(Charles Boycott)Watt(James Watt)/volt(Alexadro Volta)/ohm(Georg Simon Ohm),词义性（词源）英语词语的词源词义主要是两种语言的互借中产生Mushroom is not a room.(Fr.moucheron)Sirloin 爵士腰肉？Surlonge,谢 谢!,
